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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the difference between analogical representation and symbolic representation?
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analogical representation: has some of the physical characteristic of an object
symbolic representation: abstract ideas, does not have physical characteristince of an object |
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What are mental images? Which underlying brain processes are invovled?
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-analogical memories
-the same processes involved when we view the external world (primary visual cortex) |
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Why can symbolic representations lead to errors?
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since we use memory shortcuts unconciously that can lead to errors
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What are concepts?What kind of representations are concepts?
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concept: mental images that group things around common themes
(ex.cat is subcategory of animals) -symbolic representations |
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What are concepts formed by?
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defining attributes: list of features that determine if an object can be part of the category
(ex. defining attributes of bachelor= single and male) prototypes: the best example of a category (ex. best example of superheroes= superman) exemplars: there is no best example, all examples of category form concept |
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What are scripts? What are pros/cons?
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schemas that help us understand the sequence of events in different situations
pros=allow us to make quick judgements and behave appropriately in situations cons=can lead to gender roles and stereotypes (ex. a scientist=male) |
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What is the difference between decision making, reasoning and problem solving?
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decision making: selecting the best choice among options
reasoning: using info to determine if a conclusion is reasonable problem solving: finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal |
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what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
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deductive: we reason from a general statement to specific instances
(ex. if all psych textbooks are fun to read, then this psych textbook will be fun to read) inductive: we reason from a specific instance to a general conclusion (ex. if all the psych books that I've read have been interesting, then psych books are generally interesting) |
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Are deductive+inductive reasonings valid?
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yes they're valid, since their conclusions follow logically from premises
BUT THEY'RE NOT ALWAYS TRUE |
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What is the expected utility theory?
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we make decisions by considering possible alternatives and by choosing the most desirable one
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What is the difference between heuristics and algorithms?
What are their pros+cons of heuristics? |
heurisics: shortcuts/rules of thumb used to make decisions
(Pros: help us decide quickly instead of weighing evidence for every decision Cons: can lead to faulty decisions) algorithms: procedure that will always yield the correct answer |
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What are syllogisms?
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formal structures of deduction
(ex. If all art magazines are wonderful and this is an art magazine, then this is wonderful) |
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What is framing?
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how info is presented can alter how people percieve it
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What is the prospect theory?
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when making decisions:
-people try to avoid loss or regret -we need to take into account people's wealth -we're consistent with problem's framing |
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Are we affective forecasters?
Why/Why not? |
NO!
-we aren't good at knowing how we'll feel in the future about an event (ex. we overreact with scene of violence, peole actually involved are more passive) |
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What is a good way to reach a goal through problem-solving?
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-breaking the goal into subgoals
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what is insight?
Who conducted experiments concerning insight? |
insight: the sudden realization of a solution to a problem
-Kohler (chimp's used sticks to reach banana) -Maier (people tied strings together) |
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What are aids to solving solutions?
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-restructuring the problem (new way of thinking about problem)
-breaking out of mental sets (pervious strategies that worked) |
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What are concious strategies to help problem solve when you're stuck?
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-work backwards
-find an appropriate analogy |
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What is the paradox of choice?
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too many choices can them hard to choose from (ex. why average age people settle down at=higher than before +depression)
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What is the difference between satisfiers and maximizers?
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satisfiers: try to find something that most closely matches what they want
maximizers: seek best possible choices |
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What concept did Shwartz come up with?
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paradox of choice-satisfiers and maximizers
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What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?
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-how people perform on achievement tests
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What were Binet-Simon Intelligence tests?
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-first test of mental ability
-introduced mental age (child's intellectual standing relative to his other peers) ex. 8 year old could have a mental age of 16 |
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What is an IQ?
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-Intelligent quotient
-ratio of mental age and chronological age x100 |
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What is the average IQ? What is the standard deviation?
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100
standard deviation of 15 (most people score from 85-115) |
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Why is there contreversy as to if IQ tests are valid?
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-there is a cultural bias (meanings of words+references)
-other factors contibute to success+intelligence |
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What did Spearman conclude?
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that there is general intelligence (g)->one factor that undelies intelligence
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What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
What type of intelligence do they belong to? |
fluid intelligence: info processing in novel situations
crystallized intelligence: ability to use knowledge we acquire through experience -both part of GENERAL INTELLIGENCE |
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What is the concept of multiple intelligences?
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idea that people can show different skills in different domains
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What is the concept of emotional intelligence?
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ability to understand emotions and use them appropriately
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Does the speed of mental processing determine intelligence?
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Yes, faster mental processing=higher intelligence
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What are savants?
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people who have minimal intellectual capacities in most domain but are exceptional in some intelligent process
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What does teh relationship between working memory and intelligence involve?
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attention!
-beign able to stay focused +pay attention to complete complex tasks |
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Do genes determine intelligence?
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They help to determine intelligence but it's unclear to what extent
(ex. twins raised apart have highly similar intelligence) |
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How to environtmental factors affect intelligence?
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nutrition, parenting, schooling, intellectual opportunities
-enriched environments create more synaptic connections -influence how genes involved in brain development are expressed |
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Is there a smarter sex?
What are the differences? |
NO (nice try)
-females get better grades+ are better at writing and language -males so better on standardized math tests + visuospatial processing |
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What is the stereotype threat?
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people are scared that they will confirm negative stereotypes of their group
(ex.women are bad at math) |
