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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cognitive revolution
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introsepction
1) 19th centruy focus on mind 2) behaviorist focus on overt responses 3) emirpical study of cognition |
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simon and nevell
chomsky miller |
1) simon and nevell - prblm solving
2) chomsky - lang development 3) miller - memory |
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cognition
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mental progress involved in attaining/ understanding info
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cognitive psychology
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the study of the mental processes by which the infor from the environment is
1)modified 2)made meaningful 3)encoded 4)communicate w/ others |
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thought
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the representation and processing of info in the mind
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reasoning
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the process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and beliefs
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inductive reasoning
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from specific observations to general propositions / relies on probablity
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deductive reasoning
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drawing a conclusion from a set of assumptions / begins w/gereral and ends w/ specific / basic laws applies in all cases
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syllogism
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consists of two premises that lead to a logical conclusion
ex: All terriers are dogs. All terriers are mammals. Therefore, All mammals are dogs. |
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analogical reasoning
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process by which ppl understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one / situations must contain certain similarities / need not literally resemeble each other / elements must explain how situations are related
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errors in logical reasoning
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all gun owners are ppl
all criminals are ppl all ppl are criminals |
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why we make errors - 1)confirmation bias / 2)limits
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1) tendency to seek only info that confirms our beliefs / ignore info that discomfirms our beliefs
ex: doc that had mentally ill patient who died 2) we may not be able to hold all premises in short term memory at the same time |
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problem solving
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process of transforming one situation into another to acheive a goal
ex: getting a date, exams, crossword puzzle, graduating |
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characterisitcs common to all problems - 4
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1) initial state - a description of the unsolved problem
2) set of operations/actions - mechanism to get from inital to goal 3) goal - description of what consitutes a solution 4) not obvious - the solution is not immediately obvious - it is a problem b/c it requires you to think |
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well defined problems ex: crossword
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1) initial state - empty puzzle
2) actions - clues, dictionary, friends 3) finishing boxes 4) solution was not immediatly obvious |
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ill-defined problem
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when the info needed to solve problem and when what the goal is are vague
ex: solving educational system of GA ex: making your parents proud |
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problem solving strageties - 2
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1) algorithms - systematic procedure that will produce a solution
advantages - guaranteed solution disadvantages - time consuming (lock combo)/not all problems have obvious algorithm( apt hunting) 2)mental simulation -imagining steps involved in solving a problem before actually undertaking them |
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obstacles to problem solving - 3
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1) fuctional fixedness - tendency to view an object as having only one purpose ex: candle match box
2) mental set - persistent use of problem solving strategies that worked in the past 3) confirmation bias - seek to confirm what we already believe |
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methods for becoming a better problem solver - 5
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1) restructuring
2) analogies 3) working backwards 4) incubation 5) set up sub-goals |
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restructuring
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changing the way you represent problems
ex: chunking - when asked to memorize a set of words |
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analogies - 4
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1) personal analogy - place yourself directly in situation
2) direct analogy - look for solutions from comparable fields 3) symbolic analogy - metaphors 4) fantasy analogy - based on things known not to be ex: "we want a lil slave to dial the phone for us" |
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working backwards
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working backwards from goal / insight / rephrasing
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incubation - 3
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increased likelihood of solving a problem if you take breaks
1) occurs only after some mental effort 2) a burst of insight 3) results in more work but w/ a diff approach |
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decision making - 3
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process by which in individual wieghs pros and cons of diff alternatives to make a decision
1) generating, selecting and evaluating choices 2) where the rules for deciding are not obvious 3) choices involve some risk - uncertainity |
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heuristics - advantages and disadvantages
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cognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternaties w/out carefully considering each one
advantages: works under some circumstances / increase efficiency / simplify tasks disadvantages - may lead to systematic bias / errors in judgement / not guaranteed correct answer |
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representatvie heuristic - 4
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matching the similarity of an obj to a prototype but ignore info about its probability of occuring ex: description read of jack sounds like engineer - participants asked to pick if he was lawyer or engineer out of 70% lawyers
1) used to judge membership in a class 2) judge similarity to stereotypes 3) people ignore pre-existing distribution of catagories of base fate frequency 4) gambler's fallacy - mistaken belief that the next chance event will be to ensure representatives ex:50/50coin toss |
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availability heuristic
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people infer the frequency of something based on how readily it comes to mind - events we can easily recall are typical
people are biased by info that is easy to recall - swayed by info that is vivid/well publizied ex: vaccines biased by examples that they can easily retrieve correlate events that occur close together |
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variables that affect availabitlity heuristic - 5
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1) ease of searching - whatever is easier to imagine will be brought forth ex: words starting w/ k or wordes w/ k in middle
2) general world knowledge - what is more common - earthquakes in SF or Memphis? 3) familiarity - objs that are more familiar will appear greater in # ex: famous woman names in list of normal guy names 4) vividness - objs that are vivid are more memorable and hence more available ex: advertisements "don't drink and drive" - car crash 5) personal relevance - info is given disproportionate amount in weight ex: jaguar vs. ferrari - if friend tells them info that jaguar is better - they will go for jag |
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implicit cognition
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cognition outside of awareness
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implicit learning
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ppl implicitly register regularities in their environment or learn to behave in particular was w/ lil or no explicit instructions
1) rules of gaze 2) where to look in an elevator |
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language
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system of symbols, sounds, meanings and rules for their combination that constitute primary mode of communication - our thoughts to others
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linguistic universals - 8
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features that are common to all known languages - to be considered a lang - it must have
1) interpersonal/communicative - two or more ppl communicate 2) symbolic - symbols of lang are arbitrary ex: hiss = sound 3) meaningful - words express a concept - same for everyone that speaks that lang 4) referential - particular symbols refer to something in the world 5) structured - implicit rules of sent structure 6) multiplicity of structure - words can have more than 1 meaning 7) creative/productive - use lang to produce an infinite # of phrases 8) dynamic - lang is constantly evolving - ex: email/internet |
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phonology
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study of how sounds are organized in lang
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phoneme
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smallest unit of sound that constitutes speech
ex: sKi and Cat - k and c represent same phoneme |
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phonological rules
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general statements about the relationship between sounds
ex: sounds that go together = sp, ac, by sounds that don't = zw, bt, wv |
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morphemes
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smallest unit of meaning in lang / every word in eng lang is made up of 1 or more morphemes
ex: cat + "s" changes meaning - therefore "s" is a morpheme |
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morphology
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rules that combine morphemes / next level of analysis above phonemes
ex: noun + "ed" = no verb + "ed" = yes |
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non-verbal communication - 7
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1) vocal intonation (tone of voice)
2) body lang ex: crossed arms 3) gestures 4) physical distance 5) facial expressions 6) touch 7) non-verbal vocalization ex: sighs/throat clearings |
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children aquire lang w/...
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astonishing speed. / 1 yr old- rattle nonsense / 4+yr - mastered basics / avg person knows 60,000 words
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Behaviorist Theory to lang aquisition
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B.F. skinner proposed that parents encourage utterances / they do not correct grammer / they correct facts and expand utterances
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Nativist Theory to lang aquisition
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1) incredible speed of aquiring grammar skills
2) grammar is learned first - LAD(lang aquisition device) - innate set of neural switches for aquiring lang (ex:sign lang) 3) lang aquisition pace is similar cross culuturally - univeral grammer - innate shared of linguisitic principles 4) similar development pattern in sign lang - ex: kids use grammar in sign lang even though they've never been taught |
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interactionist theory to lang aquisition
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biological predisoposition and supportive enviroment contribute to lang development
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interactionist theory - cognitive theory
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lang development is part of a more cognitive development, depending on maturation and experience
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interactionist theory - social communication theory
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interpersonal communication shapes lang - emphazises social context
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emergentist theory
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you are not born w/ prewired nueral circuits but rather they emerge as in repsonse to learning experiences - incremental changes in connection networks
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four stages to lang aquisition
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stages are not discrete - no definitive ending/starting pt.
1) prelinguisitic 2) one word utterance 3) two word utterance 4) three word utterance and beyond |
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mixture principle
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a child's speech will show several levels of complexity at any given time
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prelinguisitic stage - 2
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birth - 18mons
characteristics 1)crying - signals emtional state / causes parents to respond 2) cooing and vocal play - applies to deaf children too / interaction takes on socail quality |
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one word utterance stage - holophrastic speech
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12-18mons
holophrastic speech - using a single word to communicate the meaning of complete sent |
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Whorfian hypotheses
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language shapes thought
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two word utterance stage
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18-24mon
utterances composed of only the most essentials ex: want up drastic increase in vocab |
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three word utterance stage and beyond
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18-24mon
increase in use of syntax sent longer and more complex begin to aquire grammar ex: use morphemes |