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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and sole problems effectively; usually speedier but more error prone than algorithms.
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Confirmation Bias
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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Fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
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Mental Set
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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Functional Fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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Representativeness Heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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Availability Heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of eventss based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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Overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
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Framing
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the way and issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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Phoneme
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in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
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Semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
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Syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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Mental Age
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
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Stanford-Binet
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the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligenve test.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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defined originally as the ration of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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Intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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Factor Analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
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General Intelligence
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a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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