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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language
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A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar.
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Phoneme
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The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise.
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Phonological Rules
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A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds.
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Morphemes
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The smallest meaningful units of language (words).
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Grammar
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A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
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Morphological Rules
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A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words.
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Syntactical Rules
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A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.
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Deep Structure
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The meaning of a sentence.
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Surface Structure
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How a sentence is worded.
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Fast Mapping
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The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure.
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Telegraphic Speech
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Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words.
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Nativist Theory
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The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity.
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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A collection of processes that facilitate language learning.
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Genetic Dysphasia
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A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence.
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Aphasia
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Difficulty in producing or comprehending language.
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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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The proposal that language shapes the nature of thought.
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Concept
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A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli.
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Category-Specific Deficit
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A neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed.
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Family Resemblance Theory
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Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.
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Prototype
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The "best" or "most typical member" of a category.
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Exemplar Theory
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A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category.
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Rational Choice Theory
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The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two.
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Availability Bias
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Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.
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Heuristic
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A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached.
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Algorithm
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A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem.
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Conjunction Fallacy
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When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event.
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Representativeness Heuristic
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A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.
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Framing Effects
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When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed).
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Sunk-Cost Fallacy
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A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation.
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Prospect Theory
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Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
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Frequency Format Hypothesis
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The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur.
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Means-End Analysis
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A process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal.
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Analogical Problem Solving
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Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem.
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Functional Fixedness
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The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed.
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Reasoning
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A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions.
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Practical Reasoning
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Figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action.
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Theoretical Reasoning
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Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief.
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Belief Bias
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People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid.
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Syllogistic Reasoning
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Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true.
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