Psych 100 Ch 7

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Front 2

Associate Learning

Back 2

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it's consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Front 3

Stimulus

Back 3

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Front 4

Cognitive Learning

Back 4

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Front 5

Classical Conditioning

Back 5

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Front 6

Behaviorism

Back 6

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Front 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 7

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Front 8

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Back 8

On classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth).

Front 9

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 9

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response (UR)

Front 10

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 10

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now unconditioned) stimulus (CS).

Front 11

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 11

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an uncontrolled stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Front 12

Acquisition

Back 12

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Front 13

Extinction

Back 13

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Front 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 14

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Front 15

Generalization

Back 15

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Front 16

Discrimination

Back 16

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response.

Front 17

Operant Conditioning

Back 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher.

Front 18

Law of Effect

Back 18

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences became more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Front 19

Operant Chamber

Back 19

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Front 20

Reinforcement

Back 20

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Front 21

Shaping

Back 21

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 22

Positive Reinforcement

Back 22

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Front 23

Negative Reinforcement

Back 23

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Front 24

Primary Reinforcer

Back 24

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Front 25

Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 25

A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Front 26

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 26

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Front 27

Reinforcement Schedule

Back 27

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

Front 28

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Back 28

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Front 29

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Back 29

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Front 30

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Back 30

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Front 31

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Back 31

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has passed.

Front 32

Variable-Interval Schedule

Back 32

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Front 33

Punishment

Back 33

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

Front 34

Respondent Behavior

Back 34

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Front 35

Operant Behavior

Back 35

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Front 36

Cognitive Map

Back 36

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a ______ ____ of it.

Front 37

Latent Learning

Back 37

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Front 38

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 38

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Front 39

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 39

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Front 40

Observational Learning

Back 40

Learned by observing others.

Front 41

Modeling

Back 41

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Front 42

Mirror Neurons

Back 42

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy.

Front 43

Protocol Behavior

Back 43

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.