Psych Chapter 4

Front 1

classical conditioning

Back 1

acquiring a new response (the conditioned response) to a preciously neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus

Front 2

reflex

Back 2

a stimulus-response pair in which the stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) automatically elicits the response (the unconditioned response)

Front 3

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

the stimulus in a reflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response

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unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 4

the response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

the stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (the conditioned response) in classical conditioning

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conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

the response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning

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delayed conditioning

Back 7

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli occur together

Front 8

trace conditioning

Back 8

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but is removed before the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli do not occur together

Front 9

acquisition (classical)

Back 9

acquiring a new response (the conditioned response) to the conditioned stimulus

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extinction (classical)

Back 10

the diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus

Front 11

spontaneous recovery (classical)

Back 11

a partial recovery in the strength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training

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stimulus generalization (classical)

Back 12

the elicitation of the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response

Front 13

stimulus discrimination (classical)

Back 13

the elicitation of the conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that includes the conditioned stimulus

Front 14

operant conditioning

Back 14

learning to associate behaviors with their consequences. Reinforced behaviors will be strengthened and punished behaviors will be weakened

Front 15

law of effect

Back 15

a principle developed by edward thorndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated

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reinforcer

Back 16

a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior reponse

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punisher

Back 17

a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response

Front 18

reinforcement

Back 18

the process by which the probability of a response is increased by the presentation of a reinforcer

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punishment

Back 19

the process by which the probability of a response is decreased by the presentation of a punisher

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appetitive stimulus

Back 20

a stimulus that is pleasant

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aversive stimulus

Back 21

a stimulus that is unpleasant

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positive reinforcement

Back 22

reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented

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positive

Back 23

when a stimulus is presented

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negative

Back 24

when a stimulus is taken away

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positive punishment

Back 25

punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented

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negative reinforcement

Back 26

reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed

Front 27

negative punishment

Back 27

reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is removed

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premack principle

Back 28

the principle that the opportunity to perform a highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior

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primary reinforcer

Back 29

a stimulus that is innately reinforcing (food)

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secondary reinforcer

Back 30

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning (money)

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behavior modification

Back 31

the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior

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shaping

Back 32

training a human or animal to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response

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cumulative record

Back 33

a record of the total number of operant responses over time that visually depicts the rate of responding

Front 34

acquisition (operant)

Back 34

the strengthening of a reinforced operant response

Front 35

extinction (operant)

Back 35

the diminishing of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced

Front 36

spontaneous recovery (operant)

Back 36

temporary recovery of the operant response following a break during extinction training

Front 37

discriminative stimulus (operant)

Back 37

the stimulus that has to be present for the operant response to be reinforced

Front 38

stimulus discrimination (operant)

Back 38

learning to give the operant response only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus

Front 39

stimulus generalization (operant)

Back 39

giving the operant response in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus. the more similar the stimulus is to the discriminative stimulus, the higher the operant response rate.

Front 40

continuous schedule of reinforcement

Back 40

reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made

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partial schedule of reinforcement

Back 41

reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time

Front 42

partial reinforcement effect

Back 42

the finding that operant responses that are reinforced on partial schedules are more resistant to extinction that those reinforced on a continuous schedule

Front 43

fixed-ratio schedule

Back 43

a partial schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses is made

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variable ratio schedule

Back 44

a partial schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials

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fixed interval schedule

Back 45

a partial schedule of reinforcement where a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elapsed

Front 46

variable interval schedule

Back 46

a partial schedule of reinforcement where the time that has to elapse before a reinforcer is obtained varies but averages to a set amount of time across trials

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motivation

Back 47

the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals

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drive-reduction theory

Back 48

theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state

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incentive theory

Back 49

theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement

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arousal theory

Back 50

theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal

Front 51

yerkes-dodson law

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increasing arousal up to some optimal level increases performance quality on a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance

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extrinsic motivation

Back 52

the desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement

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intrinsic motivation

Back 53

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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overjustification effect

Back 54

a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcement is discontinued

Front 55

taste aversion

Back 55

developing an aversion to a taste the food or drink connected to that taste made you sick, or had some other averse effect

counterexample to the idea that the UCS (sickness) must immediately follow the CS (taste)

Front 56

instinctual drift

Back 56

the tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response to that object

Front 57

latent learning

Back 57

learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so

Front 58

observational learning (modeling)

Back 58

learning by observing others and imitating their behavior

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mirror neurons

Back 59

neurons that fire both when we are performing an action and also when we are observing another person perform that same action