Psych Chapter 2

Front 1

What are the five steps in a scientific investigation?

Back 1

- formulate a hypothesis
- design the study
- collect the data
- analyze the data and draw conclusion
- report the findings

Front 2

What are the goals of the scientific approach?

Back 2

- measurement and description
- understanding and prediction
- application and control

Front 3

Which step....?
Proponents of affirmative action will overestimate opponents' conservatism and opponents of affirmative action will overestimate proponents' liberalism

Back 3

Step 1
formulate a hypothesis

Front 4

Which step....?
Use survey method with undergraduate participants. Devise hypothetical affirmative action proposal and appropriate rating scales.

Back 4

Step 2
design the study

Front 5

Which step....?
Administer questionnaire to 78 students at Stanford University in exchange for small nonmonetary gift.

Back 5

Step 3
collect the data

Front 6

Which step....?
Calculate average ratings of proposal by supporters and rejectors and compare to subjects' estimates of opponents' ratings. Data are consistent with the prediction that adversaries overestimate the gap between their views.

Back 6

Step 4
analyze the data and draw conclusions

Front 7

Which....?
Publish report of the study (and two companion studies) in a 2003 issue of the journal "Basic and Applied Social Psychology."

Back 7

Step 5
report the findings

Front 8

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
Observers are trained to watch and record behavior as objectively and precisely as possible. They may use some instrumentation, such as a stopwatch or video recorder.

Back 8

Direct observation

Front 9

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
Subjects are administered a serise of written questions designed to obtain information about attitudes, opinions, and specific aspects of their behavior.

Back 9

Questionnaire

Front 10

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
A face-to-face dialogue is conducted to obtain information about specific aspects of a subject's behavior.

Back 10

Interview

Front 11

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
Subjects are administered a standardized measure to obtain a sample of their behavior. Tests are usually used to assess mental abilities or personality traits.

Back 11

Psychological test

Front 12

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
An instrument is used to monitor and record a specific physiological process in a subject. Examples include measures of blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and brain activity.

Back 12

Physiological recording

Front 13

Which technique uses this method to collect data?
The researcher analyzes existing institutional records (the archives), such as census, economic, medical, legal, educational, and business records.

Back 13

Examination of archival records

Front 14

A _____ is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

Back 14

Hypothesis

Front 15

_____ are any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in study.

Back 15

Variables

Front 16

A _____ is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Back 16

Theory

Front 17

An _____ describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

Back 17

Operational Definition

Front 18

_____ are the persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study.

Back 18

Participants or subjects

Front 19

_____ which are procedures for making empirical observations and measurements.

Back 19

Data Collections Techniques

Front 20

A _____ is a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.

Back 20

Journal

Front 21

_____ consist of differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies.

Back 21

Research Methods

Front 22

What are the advantages of the Scientific Approach?

Back 22

- Clarity and precision yield better communication
- Intolerance of errors yields more reliable data

Front 23

_____ is the condition or event manipulated by experimenter.

Back 23

Independent Variable (IV)

Front 24

_____ is the aspect of the behavior thought to be affected by independent variable.

Back 24

Dependent Variable (DV)

Front 25

_____ are participants who receive special treatment.

Back 25

Experimental Group

Front 26

_____ are similar subjects who do not receive treatment given to experimental group.

Back 26

Control Group

Front 27

_____ are factors besides IV that might affect DV, hence they need to be controlled.

Back 27

Extraneous Variables

Front 28

What are the variations of Experimental Research?

Back 28

- Can have one group of subjects server as their own control group.
- Can manipulate more then one independent variable in a study.
- Can use multiple dependent variables in a study.

Front 29

What are the advantages of Experimental Research?

Back 29

Permits conclusions about cause and effect relationships.

Front 30

What are the disadvantages of Experimental Research?

Back 30

- Manipulations and control often make experiments artificial
- Practical realities and ethical concerns make it impossible to conduct experiments on many issues

Front 31

A _____ occurs when two varibles are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.

Back 31

Confounding of Variables

Front 32

_____ of subjects occurs when all subjects have and equal chance of being assigned to any grop or condition in the study.

Back 32

Random Assignment

Front 33

A _____ exists when two variables are related to each other.

Back 33

Correlation

Front 34

The _____ is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

Back 34

Correlation Coefficient

Front 35

In _____ a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects.

Back 35

Naturalistic Observation

Front 36

A _____ is an in-depth investigation of an individual subject.

Back 36

Case Study

Front 37

In a _____ researchers use questionnaires r interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants' background and behavior.

Back 37

Survey

Front 38

What are some research methods?

Back 38

- Naturalistic Observation
- Case Study
- Survey

Front 39

Which method of research is this?

Careful, systematic observation, but no intervention with subjects.

Back 39

Naturalistic Observation

Front 40

Which method of research is this?

In-depth investigation of single participant, typically involving data from many sources.

Back 40

Case Study

Front 41

Which method of research is this?

Questionnaire and interviews are used to gather information about specific aspects of participants' behavior.

Back 41

Survey

Front 42

_____ is the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated.

Back 42

Replication

Front 43

A _____ is the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.

Back 43

Sample

Front 44

The _____ is the much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about.

Back 44

Population

Front 45

_____ exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.

Back 45

Sample Bias

Front 46

_____ occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.

Back 46

Placebo Effects

Front 47

The _____ is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

Back 47

Social Desirability Bias

Front 48

_____ occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.

Back 48

Experimenter Bias

Front 49

The _____ is a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.

Back 49

Double-Blind Procedure

Front 50

What are some common flaws in research?

Back 50

- Sample Bias
- Placebo Effects
- Distortions n Self-Report Data
- Experimental Bias

Front 51

Results from problems, such as social desirability bias and response sets, that happen when participants give verbal accounts of their behavior.

Back 51

Distortions in Self-Report Data

Front 52

What are the types of correlation?

Back 52

- Positive
- Negative

Front 53

_____ variables covary in the same direction.

Back 53

Positive Correlation

Front 54

_____ variables covary in the opposite direction.

Back 54

Negative Correlation

Front 55

The closer the correlation to either -1.00 or +1.00, the _____ the relationship is.

Back 55

Stronger

Front 56

The _____ the correlation, the better one can predict.

Back 56

Stronger

Front 57

Correlations is _____ equivalent to causation.

Back 57

Not

Front 58

What are some advantages of descriptive/correlation research?

Back 58

Broadens the scope of phenomena that psychologists can study (can explore issues that could not be examined with experimental methods)

Front 59

What are some disadvantages of descriptive/correlation research?

Back 59

Cannot demonstrate that two variables are causally related