Psych Chapter 14

Front 1

actor-observer effect

Back 1

Tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to INTERNAL causes while attributing one’s own behavior to EXTERNAL causes.

Front 2

aggression (aggressive behavior)

Back 2

An act that is intended to harm another person.

Front 3

altruism

Back 3

An unselfish concern with another’s welfare.

Front 4

arousal: cost-reward theory

Back 4

Decision to provide assistance as motivated by
efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal people
feel when confronted w/a suffering victim while
also considering the costs involved.

Front 5

assistance (helping behavior)

Back 5

Any act that is intended to benefit another person.

Front 6

attitude

Back 6

A tendency toward a particular cognitive, emotional,
or behavioral reaction to objects in one’s environment.

Front 7

attribution

Back 7

The process of explaining the causes
of people’s behavior, including our own.

Front 8

bystander effect

Back 8

A phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases.

Front 9

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 9

Attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tension caused by inconsistencies bet attitudes & behaviors.

Front 10

competition

Back 10

Any type of behavior in which individuals try to attain a
goal while denying others access to that goal.

Front 11

compliance

Back 11

Adjusting one’s behavior because of a direct request.

Front 12

conflict

Back 12

Occurs when a person/group believes that
another person/group interferes w/the attainment of a goal

Front 13

conformity

Back 13

Changing one’s behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined (though unspoken) group pressure.

Front 14

contact hypothesis

Back 14

Idea that stereotypes & prejudice toward a group
will diminish as contact w/group INCREASES.

Front 15

cooperation

Back 15

Any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal.

Front 16

deindividuation

Back 16

A psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone.

Front 17

elaboration likelihood model

Back 17

(attitude change)
People can change their attitudes through a central route
(by considering an argument’s content) or through
a peripheral route (by relying on irrelevant persuasion cues)

Front 18

empathy-altruism helping theory

Back 18

A theory suggesting that people assist others because they feel empathy toward them.

Front 19

environmental psychology

Back 19

The study of the effects of the physical environment on people’s behavior and mental processes.

Front 20

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 20

Proposition stating that frustration always
leads to some form of aggressive behavior.

Front 21

fundamental attribution error

Back 21

A bias toward attributing the behavior of others to internal factors.

Front 22

groupthink

Back 22

Renders group members unable to evaluate
realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions.

Front 23

matching hypothesis

Back 23

The notion that people are most likely to form committed relationships
w/others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness.

Front 24

obedience

Back 24

Changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure.

Front 25

prejudice

Back 25

A positive or negative attitude toward people in certain groups.

Front 26

reference groups

Back 26

Categories of people w/whom individuals compare themselves

Front 27

relationship-motivated leaders

Back 27

Leaders who provide loose supervision, ask for group members’ ideas, and are generally concerned with subordinates’ feelings.

Front 28

relative deprivation

Back 28

Sense that one isn't getting all that they deserve.

Front 29

schemas

Back 29

Mental representations about people and social situations.

Front 30

self-concept

Back 30

The way one thinks of oneself.

Front 31

self-esteem

Back 31

The evaluations people make about their worth as human beings.

Front 32

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 32

A process in which an initial impression
causes us to bring out behavior in another
that confirms the impression.

Front 33

self-serving bias

Back 33

Tendency to attribute one’s successes to INTERNAL characteristics while blaming one’s failures on EXTERNAL causes.

Front 34

social cognition

Back 34

Mental processes associated w/people’s
perceptions of & reactions to other people.

Front 35

social comparison

Back 35

Using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself.

Front 36

social dilemmas

Back 36

Actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce neg consequences for all if they are adopted by everyone.

Front 37

social discrimination

Back 37

Differential treatment of people in certain groups; the behavioral component of prejudice.

Front 38

social facilitation

Back 38

A phenomenon in which the
presence of others improves a person’s performance.

Front 39

social identity

Back 39

Beliefs we hold about groups to which we belong.

Front 40

social interference

Back 40

A reduction in performance due to the presence of other people

Front 41

social loafing

Back 41

Exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone.

Front 42

social neuroscience

Back 42

Focuses on influence of social, biological and
influence of biological processes on social psychological phenomena.

Front 43

social norms

Back 43

Learned, socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations.

Front 44

social perception

Back 44

Processes through which people interpret info about
others, draw inferences about them, & develop mental representations of them.

Front 45

social psychology

Back 45

(Subfield of psychology)
Explores the effects of the social world on the BEHAVIOR and MENTAL processes of individuals and groups.

Front 46

stereotypes

Back 46

False assumptions that all members of some group share the same characteristics.

Front 47

task-motivated leaders

Back 47

Leaders who provide close supervision, lead by giving directions, and generally discourage group discussion.

Front 48

antidepressant drugs

Back 48

Drugs that reduce depression.

Front 49

anxiolytics

Back 49

(see tranquilizing drugs

Front 50

assertiveness training

Back 50

A set of methods for helping clients learn to express their feelings and stand up for their rights in social situations

Front 51

aversion conditioning

Back 51

A method for reducing unwanted behaviors by using CLASSICAL conditioning principles to create a NEGATIVE response to some stimulus.

Front 52

behavior modification

Back 52

Treatments that use OPERANT conditioning methods to change behavior.

Front 53

behavior therapy

Back 53

Treatments that use CLASSICAL conditioning principles to change behavior.