Psych Chapter 12

Front 1

Describe neuroticism in the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits?

Back 1

Anxious, insecure, guilt-prone, self-conscious.

Front 2

Describe extraversion in the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits

Back 2

Talkative, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

Front 3

Describe Openness to Experience in the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits

Back 3

Daring, nonconforming, showing unusually broad interests, imaginative

Front 4

Describe agreeableness in the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits

Back 4

sympathetic, warm, trusting, cooperative

Front 5

Describe conscientiousness in the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits

Back 5

ethical, dependable, productive, purposeful

Front 6

What is Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

Back 6

It attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges.

Front 7

What did Freud divide personality structure into?

Back 7

The id, the ego, and the superego.

Front 8

What is the id?

Back 8

The raw biological urges (to eat, sleep, defecate, copulate...) that energize human behavior. It engages in primary-process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented.

Front 9

What does the id operate according to?

Back 9

the pleasure principle

Front 10

What is the ego?

Back 10

-forceful desires for immediate satisfaction.
-considers social realities--societ's norms, etiquette, rules, and customs--in deciding how to behave.
-often works to tame the unbridled desires of the id.
-engages in secondary-process thinking, which is relatively rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving.
-strives to avoid negative consequences from society by behaving "properly".

Front 11

What does the ego operate according to?

Back 11

the reality principle

Front 12

What is the superego?

Back 12

-emerges out of the ego around 3-5 years of age
-comes from the training people receive about what is good and bad behavior.

Front 13

What are the levels of consciousness identified by Freud?

Back 13

concious, preconscious, and unconscious.

Front 14

What does Freud think compromises the bulk of our personality?

Back 14

The unconscious

Front 15

What do defense mechanisms do?

Back 15

They protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

Front 16

What are the different types of defense mechanisms?

Back 16

Rationalization, repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, and identification.

Front 17

What are the psychosexual stages?

Back 17

Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

Front 18

What is the key task for the oral stage?

Back 18

Weaning (from breast or bottle).

Front 19

What is the key task for the anal stage?

Back 19

Toilet training.

Front 20

What is the key task for the phallic stage?

Back 20

Identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal crisis.

Front 21

What is the key task for the latency stage?

Back 21

Expanding social contacts.

Front 22

What is the key task for the genital stage?

Back 22

Establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working.

Front 23

How does Skinner's operant conditioning principles relate to personality?

Back 23

-people show some consistant patterns of behavior because they have some stable response tendancies that they have acquired through experience.
-skinner viewed an individual's personality as a collection of response tendancies that are tied to various stimulus situatios
-he maintained that environmental consequences--reinforcement, punishment, and extinction--determine people's patters of responding.

Front 24

How does Bandura's observational learning concepts relate to personality?

Back 24

-people's characteristic patterns of behavior are shaped by the models that they're exposed to.
-many response tendancies are the product of imitation.

Front 25

What is the person-situation controversy?

Back 25

-people will often behave differently in different situations.
-behavior is characterized more by situational specificity than by consistency.

Front 26

What are some strengths of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Back 26

-skinners ideas have shed light on how environmental consequences and conditioning mold people's characteristic behavior.
-bandura's social learning theory has expanded the horizons of behaviorism and increased its relevance to the study of personality.
-mischel increased psychology's awareness of how situational factors shape behavior.

Front 27

What are some limitations of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Back 27

-behaviorists have depended too much on animal research and have indiscriminately generalized from animal behavior to human behavior.
-they have made little effort to integrate biological factors into their theories.
-in carving personality into stimulus-response bonds, behaviorists have provided a fragmented view of personality.

Front 28

What are some characteristics of humanistic perspectives on personality?

Back 28

-they assume that people can rise above their primitive animal heritage and control their biological urges
-people are largly conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational needs and conflicts.

Front 29

What causes incongruence when it comes to self-concept?

Back 29

Conditional love from parents.

Front 30

According to Rogers, what is needed for a person to grow into a healthy adult?

Back 30

Unconditional love from parents.

Front 31

Which needs must be satisfied in the hierarchy of needs before a person can become self-actualized?

Back 31

The needs toward the bottom of the pyramid, such as physiological or security needs.

Front 32

What are some strengths of the Humanistic Perspectives?

Back 32

-it made the self-concept an important construct in psychology.
-it brought into account subjective personal factors such as beliefs and expectations.
-it focuses attention on the issue of what constitutes a healthy personality.

Front 33

What are some limitations of the Humanistic Perspectives?

Back 33

-many aspects of humanistic theory are difficult to put to a scientific test.
-humanists have been unrealistically optimistic in their assumptions about human nature and their descriptions of the healthy personality.
-more experimental research is needed to catch up with the theorizing in the humanistic camp.

Front 34

How might evolution account for personality traits?

Back 34

evolutionary theorists assert that personality has a biological basis because natural selection has favored certain traits over the course of human history.

Front 35

What are some strengths of the biological perspectives?

Back 35

Researchers have complied convincing evidence that biological factors help shape personality, and findings on the meager effects of shared family environment have launched intriguing new approaches to the investigation of personality development.

Front 36

What are some limitaions of the biological perspectives?

Back 36

-heritability ratios should be regarded as ballpark estimates that will vary depending on sampling procedures.
-there's no comprehensive biological theory of personality, so additional theoretical work is needed to catch up with recent emprical findings.