Psych Chapter 1

Front 1

hypothesis

Back 1

testable predictions derived from a scientific theory

Front 2

confirmation bias

Back 2

tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny contradictory evidence

Front 3

Believe perseverance

Back 3

stick into our initial believe even when evidence contradicts them

example Lee Ross suicide note study

Front 4

metaphysical claims

Back 4

assertion about the world that is not testable

example religion

Front 5

pseudoscience

Back 5

set of claims that seems scientific but aren't

Front 6

warning sign of pseudoscience

Back 6

Overuse of ad hoc immunizing theory

lack of self correction

over reliance on anecdote

other:

exaggerated claims

absense of self correction

psychobabble

talk of proof

Front 7

ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Back 7

loophole to protect Theory

Front 8

exaggerated claims

Back 8

three simple steps to change your love life forever

Front 9

over reliance on anecdotes

Back 9

One woman practises yoga for three weeks and is no longer depressed

Front 10

absence of connectivity to other research

Back 10

this one research proves that

Front 11

lack of review by other scholars peer review

Back 11

proven to work by 50 other studies from the company

Front 12

lack of self correction

Back 12

many scientists say that but we say this

Front 13

why are we drawn to pseudoscience

Back 13

because we seek patterns to give order to our lives

we seek comfort in our believes

Front 14

terror management theory

Back 14

our awareness of death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with but adopted reassuring cultural worldviews

Front 15

logical fallacies

Back 15

trap in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions

Front 16

emotional reasoning fallacy

Back 16

emotions as guides

this makes me upset so I refuse to believe it

Front 17

bandwagon fallacy

Back 17

because many people believe it

Front 18

either or fallacy

Back 18

we can only answer one of two extreme ways. no in between

Front 19

not me fallacy

Back 19

thinking were immune from error

Front 20

appeal to authority fallacy

Back 20

my prof said it so it must be true

Front 21

genetic fallacy

Back 21

he's a bad person so his believes or theory must be false

Front 22

argument from antiquity fallacy

Back 22

ideas true it has been around forever

Front 23

appeal to ignorance fallacy

Back 23

it's true because no one has proved it false

Front 24

naturalistic fallacy

Back 24

infering moral judgement as a scientific fact

Front 25

hasty generalization fallacy

Back 25

this guy was a smoker and he never got cancer there for smoking does not cause cancer

Front 26

Circular reasoning fallacy

Back 26

he has a good theory because it is the best

Front 27

dangers of pseudoscience

Back 27

opportunity cost indirect harm

Direct harm

inability to think scientifically as a society

Front 28

principles of scientific thinking

Back 28

ruling out rival hypotheses: have alternative explanations been excluded?

correlation versus causation: can we be sure a caused falsifiability: can the claim be disproved

replicablility: can results be duplicated

extraordinary claims: evidence as strong as claim?

ocam razor: is this the simplest explanation?

Front 29

critical thinking

Back 29

set of skills for evaluating claim in open minded and careful fashion

Front 30

Scientific skeptism

Back 30

Open mind but insistent on persuasive evidence

Front 31

variable

Back 31

anything that can vary

Front 32

Falsifiable

Back 32

capable of being disproved

Front 33

riskyprediction

Back 33

forecast that stand a good chance of being wrong

Front 34

Basic research

Back 34

examining how the mind works

Front 35

Applied research

Back 35

how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems

Front 36

psychology

Back 36

The scientific study of the brain mind and behaviour

Front 37

levels of analysis

Back 37

rungs on a ladder of analysis

Low levels equal biological influences

higher levels equal social influences

Front 38

socio-cultural influence

Back 38

social behaviour level

relating to others and personal relationship

Front 39

psychological level

Back 39

mental neurological

thoughts feelings and emotions

Front 40

multiply

Back 40

caused by many factors

Front 41

five challenges of psychology

Back 41

multiply determined

psychological influences rarely independent of each other.

individual differences

people influence each other

behaviour is shaped by culture

Front 42

individual differences

Back 42

variations among people in there thinking and emotion

Front 43

psych history

Back 43

1878,Wilhelm Wundt , introspection

five major theoretical :

structuralism: Edward tichener

functionalism: William James

Behavioralism: John B Watson

cognitivism

psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud

Front 44

introspection

Back 44

method by which trained observer carefully reflect and report on mental experience

Hint 44

School of psychology aim to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

Front 45

structuralism

Back 45

1st School of psychology to identify the basic elements of psychological experience

problem it did not account for imageless thought

Front 46

functionalism

Back 46

School of psychology aim to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

Darwin natural selection

Front 47

Behavioralism

Back 47

reward and punishment

School of psychology that focusses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at the observable behaviour

also called black box psychology because we know what goes into the brain and what comes out but we do not know what happened inside

Front 48

cognitive psychology

Back 48

School of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour

people interpret rewards in different ways

Front 49

cognitive neuroscience

Back 49

New field of psychology

relation between brain function and thinking

Front 50

psycho analysis

Back 50

Sigmund Freud school of psychology that focusses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware

Front 51

nature nurture debate

Back 51

behaviour mostly due to genes are environment

awnser : both

Front 52

evolutionary psychology

Back 52

discipline that applies Darwin theory of natural selection to behaviour

Front 53

The free will determinism debate

Back 53

what extend our behaviours freely selected rather than caused by factors out of my control

answer: equal

Front 54

naive realism

Back 54

Believe that we see the world precisely as it is

Front 55

snap five second judgement

Back 55

when our own commonsense is right