Psych Chapter 1

Front 1

Willhelm Wundt

Back 1

Caused psych to become its own discipline

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1st formal psych lab

Back 2

Uni of Leipzig, 1879

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Psych's 1st primary focus

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consciousness- awareness of immediate experience

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G. Stanley Hall

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1st psych journal in U.S.

U.S.'s first psych research lab

APA's 1st prez

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Structuralism Function

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elements of consciousness;

relates elements

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Structuralism focus

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sensations, perception in vision, hearing, and touch

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Structuralism method

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INTROSPECTION: Careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience

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Functionalism Function

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function/purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

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Notable Contributor to Functionalism

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William James

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According to functionalism, psych is deeply imbedded in a network of:

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cultural and intellectual influences.

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Functionalism is partly inspired by which theory?

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NATURAL SELECTION--> consciousness= a unique human feature, whose functions should be investigated

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Consciousness consists of...

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A continuous flow of thoughts

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Wundt argued that structuralists....

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only studied aspects of consciousness that were static, rather than looking at the "stream of consciousness"

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1st woman w psych PHD

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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Important work on child psych

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Leta Hollingworth

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1st female prez of APA

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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School of Thought: Behaviourism

Definition

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Psych= only study what is OBSERVABLE rather than consciousness

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School of Thought: Behaviourism

Notable Debate

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NATURE vs. NURTURE

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School of Thought: Behaviourism

Approach

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STIMULUS-RESPONSE (S-R PSYCH):

relate behaviours to obervable events in the environment (stimuli)

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The Unconscious

founder + definition

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Sigmund Freud

Contains thoughts, memories, & desires well below surface of awareness---> STILL EXERT GREAT INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIOUR

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The Unconscious

Approach

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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:

tries to explain personality, motivation, mental disorders

---> focuses on unconscious reasons for behaviour

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QUESTIONING FREE WILL

Founder + info

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B.F. Skinner

people are controlled by their ENVIRONMENTS

organisms repeat acts that lead to pos. outcomes;

refrain from acts that lead to neg. outcomes

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HUMANISM

Founder + info

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CARL ROGERS

Human freedom + potential for self-growth.

Sense of self-concept, and self.

Optimistic; humans are in control of their own destinies and thoughts

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Humanism

Approach

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Person-centered therapy

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COGNITION

definition

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mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

THINKING + CONSCIOUS EXP.

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Theme 1: PSYCH= EMPIRICAL.

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EMPIRICISM: knowledge via observation... rather than reasoning

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Theme 2: PSYCH= Theoretically DIVERSE.

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Making theories---> TO EXPLAIN TINGZ

THEORY: a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

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Theme 3: Psych evolves as a sociohistorical context.

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Societal, TRENDS, issues, and VALUES

influence psych

& vice versa.

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Theme 4: Behaviour is determined by multiple causes:

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BEHAVIOUR= EXTREMELY COMPLEX

---> caused by a number of reasons

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Theme 5: Behaviour= shaped by...

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CULTURAL HERITAGE

CULTURE----> widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms institutions .etc

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Theme 6: Heredity & Environment Jointly Influence Behaviour

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BOTH NATURE & NURTURE affect behaviour

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Theme 7: People's experience of the world = highly subjective.

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People see what they want to see.

FEEDBACK = often SUBJECTIVE

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Parents of psychology:

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19th century philosophy + physiology

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psych became an independent discipline when...

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Willhelm Wundt established the 1st psych reasearch lab--> 1879, Leipzig, Germany.

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Willhelm defined psych as:

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the scientific study of consciousness

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Structuralists were led by... and believed psych should use ... to analyze consciousness into its basic elements.

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Edward Titchener

INTROSPECTION

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Functionalists, inspired by William James, believed that psych should focus on the...

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PURPOSE & ADAPTIVE functions of CONSCIOUSNESS

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Behaviourists, led by______, believed that psych should study only _________.

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OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR

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Behaviourists began to explore ______ relationships often using______.

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stimulus-response

lab animals

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B.F. Skinner argued that....

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FREE WILL IS AN ILLUSION.

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"Skinner was both a product of the American context and a...."

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"...challenger of some of its prized ideals."

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By the 1950's, ____ & ____ had become the most influential schools of thought in psych.

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BEHAVIOURISM

&

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

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Freud's ______ theory emphasized the _____ determinants of behaviour & the importance of _____.

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PSYCHOANALYTIC

UNCONSCIOUS

SEXUALITY

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Psychologists developed an interest in___, ___, &___. And so, psychoanalytic concepts were brought into mainstream psychology.

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PERSONALITY

MOTIVATION

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

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Behaviourism was boosted greatly by______'s research.

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B.F. Skinner

psych should study only observable behaviour

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Working with rats & pigeons, Skinner proved that...

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organisms repeat acts that lead to pos. outcomes

refrain from doing acts that lead to neg. outcomes

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Skinner believed all behaviour is fully governed by.....

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EXTERNAL STIMULI.

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HUMANISM emphasizes...

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

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unique qualities of human behaviour.

FREEDOM + potential for PERSONAL GROWTH.

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1st experimental psych lab in Canada:

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U of T AYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

in 1891

James Mark Baldwin

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Applied psych

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concerned w everyday, practical problems

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Clinical psychology

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concerned with the diagnosis & treatment of psychological problems and disorders

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Cognitive theorists have argued that psych must study____ to fully understand behaviour.

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internal mental events

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Cognitive Perspective

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people's manipulations of mental images surely influence how they behave

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Along with neuroscience, ______ has become the dominant perspective in contemporary psychology.

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COGNITIVE

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Electrical stimulation of the brain can evoke...

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...emotional responses.

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Advocates of the biological or neuroscience perspective maintain that....

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...much of our behaviour can be explained in terms of structures of and processes in the brain.

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Evolutionary psychology

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...examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.

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____ psych grew in the 1950s

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Clinical

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COGNITIVE PERSP:

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argue that human behaviour cannot be fully understood without considering how people think

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BIOLOGICAL PERSP:

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Human & animal behaviour can be explained in terms of bodily structures & biochemical processes

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Contemporary psych

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diversified science & profession

work settings:

1) private practice

2) colleges & universities

3) hospitals & clinics

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Areas of research in modern psych

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Developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality, psychometrics.

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4 professional specialties:

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clinical psych, counselling psych, educational & school psych, industrial & organizational psych

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Believes he could nurture a subject a certain way:

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John B. Watson

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Researchers were concerned for the rise of clinical psych in the 1950s bc they were worried it would....

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dilute their resources.

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Donald Hebb conducted research in...

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neuropsychology.

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Primary research areas for most psychologists:

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DEVELOPMENTAL

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Critical Thinking

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Use of cognitive skills & strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.

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Testwiseness

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the ability to use the characteristics & format of a cognitive test to maximize one's score.

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culture

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widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations

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empiricism

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knowledge should be acquired thru observation

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pos. psych.

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use theory & research to better understand the positive, adaptive,creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.

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clinical psych.

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diagnosing and treating psych disorders

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cognition

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mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

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stimulus

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any detectable INPUT from an environment

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applied psych

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everyday problems

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B.F. Skinner’s conclusion that “free will is an illusion” was based on his belief that people are under the control of their

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destinies

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a psychologist who studies attitude formation and change would be considered a...

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social psychologist

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2 components of critical thinking

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cognitive component

emotional/affective component

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top 3 research areas in psych

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1) developmental

2)social

3)educational

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most psychologists work in...

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private practice

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specialties of psych in order of how big they are

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1) clinical

2) counselling

3)physiological

4)educational