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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
The Scientific study of the mind brain and behaviour the study of behaviour and the factors that influence it |
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Psych as a science |
looking for evidence |
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Goals of Psych |
To describe how people/animals behave
To explain and understand the causes of thesebehaviours To predict behavior under certain conditions To influence or control behaviour to enhancehuman welfare |
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Theory
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Set of concepts to explain an observation
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Confirmation Bias |
tendency to seek out evidence that support our beliefs and dismiss evidence that contradict them *By being aware we can counteract them |
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Pseudoscience
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set of claims that seems scientific but lacks evidence and/or theory - looks legit on the surface |
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Phrenology |
Study of the structure of a skull to determine a person/s character or mental capacity |
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Scientific Method: a value system |
A toolbox of skills that allow one toobjectively evaluate information
It is not limited to biology, chemistry,physics, etc. |
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Questioning |
asking important questions |
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Objectivity |
Avoid subjectivity as much as possible |
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Skepticism |
Accept thing as "fact" only after verified |
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Open-Mindness |
Willing to modify theories |
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Principles of scientific theory |
rule out rival hypothesis
correlation v causation falisifiability replicability extraordinary claims occam's razor |
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1. Rule out rival hypothesis |
ex. eye movement desensitization andreprocessing (EMDR) – while talking about anxiety, therapist would move fingerfrom left to right and you would follow it
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2. Correlation isn't causation |
Just because two things are related, it doesn’tmean one causes the other ex. churches and prostitutes
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3. A scientific theory must be falsifiable |
Should make predictions that are specific enoughto be tested/disproven
ex. psychics and Freud Yet burden of proof can be more on those makingthe claim Never use the word “prove” |
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4.Extraordinary Evidence |
The more a claim contradicts what we alreadyknow, the more persuasive the evidence must be
Many pseudoscientific phenomena have some (weak)evidence to support them, but not enough |
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Strong evidence can replicated
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A single study isn’t enough; preliminaryfindings might be due to a fluke ex. ESP |
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6. Keep it simple |
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Occam's Razor |
When there are multiple explanations, pick thesimplest one that explains the data
Ex. crop circles - practical jokes or alienmessages |
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naive realism |
seeing is believing (we believe we see the world exactly how it is) |
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hypothesis |
testable prediction |
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Belief Perseverance |
tendency to stick to initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them |
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Metaphysical claim |
assertion about the world that is not testable |
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apophenia |
tendency to perceive meaningful connections in unrelated phenomena |
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pareidolia |
seeing meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli |
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warning signs of pseudoscientific claims |
exaggerated claims overreliance on anecdotes absence of connectivity to other research lack of review by other scholars/ replications lack of self correction psychobable talk of "proof" |
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replicability |
when a studies' findings can be duplicated |
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introspection |
method by which trained observers carefully reflect on their own mental experiences |
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behaviorism |
focus on uncovering general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour |
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cognitive psychology |
thinking is central to understanding behaviour |
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psychoanalysis |
FREUD: internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of |
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nature vs nurture debate |
debate about whether behavior is attributed to our genes or our environment |
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free will/ determinism debate |
to what extent are our behaviours freely selected or caused by other factors in our environment |
