Psych Chapter 1

Front 1

psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of thought and behavior

Front 2

cognitive psychology

Back 2

the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems

Front 3

developmental psychology

Back 3

the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life and span

Front 4

behavioral neuroscience

Back 4

the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior

Front 5

biological psychology

Back 5

the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought

Front 6

personality psychology

Back 6

the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations

Front 7

social psychology

Back 7

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior

Front 8

clinical psychology

Back 8

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health

Front 9

health psychology

Back 9

the study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness

Front 10

educational psychology

Back 10

the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching

Front 11

industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology

Back 11

application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings

Front 12

sports psychology

Back 12

the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

Front 13

forensic psychology

Back 13

field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice

Front 14

shamans

Back 14

medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals such as exorcisms, incantations or prayers

Front 15

asylums

Back 15

facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century

Front 16

moral treatment

Back 16

19th century approach to the treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment

Front 17

psychoanalysis

Back 17

a clinically based approach to understanding treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior (Sigmund Freud)

Front 18

empiricism

Back 18

the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience

Front 19

psychophysics

Back 19

the study of how people psychological perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch

Front 20

structuralism

Back 20

19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior (Wilhelm Wundt)

Front 21

introspection

Back 21

the main method of investigation for structuralists; it involves looking into one's own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience

Front 22

functionalism

Back 22

19th century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts (William James)

Front 23

behaviorism

Back 23

a school of psychology which proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives (John Watson --> BF Skinner)

Front 24

humanistic psychology

Back 24

a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential (Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers)

Front 25

positive psychology

Back 25

scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning (Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi)

Front 26

gestalt psychology

Back 26

a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts (Max Wertheimer)

Front 27

Trephination

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5,000 BCE - used to release the spirits and demons from the mind

Front 28

Hippocrates

Back 28

460-377 BCE - describes patient suffering from a mental disorder

Front 29

John Locke

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1690 - proposes that the mind is a blank slate to be written on by experience

Front 30

Gustav Fechner

Back 30

1860 - publishes Elemente der Psychophysik, establishing the discipline of psychophysics

Front 31

Wilhelm Wundt

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1879 - opens first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany (also: structuralism)

Front 32

William James

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1890 - publishes Principles of Psychology, a text in two volumes (also: functionalism)

Front 33

G. Stanley Hall

Back 33

1892 - a founding father of American Psychological Association (APA), becomes its first president

Front 34

Sigmund Freud

Back 34

1900 - introduces his psychoanalytic theory of behavior with the publication of Interpretation of Dreams

Front 35

Mary Whiton Calkins

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1905 - becomes first female president of APA

Front 36

Max Wertheimer

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1912 - develops the principles of Gestalt psychology

Front 37

John B. Watson

Back 37

1913 - establishes behaviorism to study observable behavior

Front 38

Francis Cecil Sumner

Back 38

1920 - becomes first African American to earn PhD is psychology

Front 39

Frederick Bartlett

Back 39

1932 - lays the foundation for cognitive science with his book Remebering

Front 40

BF Skinner

Back 40

1940 - publishes The Behavior of Organisms, outlining his version of behaviorism

Front 41

Karen Horney

Back 41

1950 - publishes Neurosis and Human Growth outlining her psychoanalytic social theory as an alternative to Freud's psychosexual theory

Front 42

Carl Rogers

Back 42

1951 - publishes Client-Centered Therapy, advocating a new humanistic approach emphasizing personal growth

Front 43

Abraham Maslow

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1953 - Motivation and Personality outlines the stages of growth leading to personal fulfillment (humanistic)

Front 44

Jean Piaget

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1965 - publishes The Child's Conception of Number

Front 45

Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Back 45

1974 - publish a seminal book on gender, The Psychology of Sex Differences

Front 46

John Toby and Leda Cosmides

Back 46

1992 - publish a landmark chapter "The Evolutionary Foundations of Culture" that jump-starts evolutionary psychology

Front 47

Martin Seligman

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1998 - starts the positive psychology movement with Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi to study and promote psychological well-being

Front 48

softwiring

Back 48

in contrast to hardwiring, meaning that biological systems - genes, brain structures, brain cells - are inherited but open to modification from the environment

Front 49

nature through nurture

Back 49

the positron that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do

Front 50

evolution

Back 50

the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species

Front 51

natural selection

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a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on reproduction

Front 52

adaptations

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inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute in some way to reproductive success

Front 53

evolutionary psychology

Back 53

the branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors