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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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head-sparing
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a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition affect body growth. the brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
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percentile
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a point on the ranking scale of 0 to 100. the 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower
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REM sleep
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rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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co-sleeping
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a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the dame room
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neurons
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the billions of nerve cells int eh central nervous system, especially the brain
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cortex
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the outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex
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axon
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a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from the neuron to the dendrties of other neurons
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dendrite
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a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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synapse
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the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons
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transient exuberance
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the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occur in an infants brain during the first 2 years of life
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experience-expectant brain functions
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brain functions that require certain BASIC common experiences (which and infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally
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experience-dependent brain functions
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brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
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prefrontal cortex
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the area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning and impulse control
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shaken baby system
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a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections
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self-righting
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the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally to return to sitting or standing upright, after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance
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sensation
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the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus
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perception
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the mental processing of a sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation. perception occurs in the cortex
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binocular vision
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the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. the ability is absent at birth
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motor skills
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the learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. (the word motor refers to movement of the muscle)
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gross motor skills
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physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. (the word gross means BIG)
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fine motor skills
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physical abilities involving small body movements,, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
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protein-calorie malnutrition
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a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. the deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death
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stunting
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the failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
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wasting
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the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their ages as a result of malnutrition
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maramus
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a disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy; in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies
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kwashiorkor
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a disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza
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