Psych- Ch11- Personality

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in Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression

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Id

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according th Freud, the way in which the Id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

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pleasure principle

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Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between enviromental demands(reality), conscience(superego), and instinctual need(Id); now often used as a synonym for self

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Ego

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the way in which ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world

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reality principle

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the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal

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superego

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the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be

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edo ideal

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the energy generated by sexual instinct

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libido

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a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development

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fixation

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1st psychosexual stage; infants erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue

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oral stage

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2nd psychosexual stage; child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination

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anal stage

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3rd psychosexual stage; erotic feelings center around the genitals

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phallic stage

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a period when the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage

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latency period

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the final psychosexual stage;includes normal adult sexual development; which is usually marked by mature sexuality

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Genital stage

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focusses on the unconscious and psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's theory of personality

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says that Libido does not represent all of life's forces

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Carl Jung's theory of personality

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according to Jung, 1 of 2 levels of unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences and undeveloped ideas

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personal unconscious

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according to Jung, 2nd level of unconscious; the level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species

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collective unconscious

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our public self; the mask we put on to represent ourselves to others

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persona

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the female archetype as it is expressed in the male personality

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anima

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a person who usually focusses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her own internal experiences

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extrovert

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a person who usually focusses on his or her own thoughts and feelings

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introvert

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people who regulate their actions by the psychological functions of thinking and feeling

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rational individuals

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people who base thier actions on perceptions, either through the sense or thru unconscious processes

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irrational individuals

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accoriding to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weakness

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compensation

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in Adler's theory, the fixation on feeling of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis

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inferiority complex

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believed that people possess innate positive motives toward personal and social perfection

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Alfred Adler

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believed that childhood experiences have a major effect on personality; culture and not anatomy determines many of the personality traits that differeniate women from men

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Karen Horney

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believed the quality of the parent child relationship affects the development of the personality; described 8 life stages

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Erik Erikson

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the individual's reation to real or imagined threats

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anxiety

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Horney's term for irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems and minimizing anxiety

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neurotic trends

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any personality theory that asserts the fundemental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning

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humanistic personality theories

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believed that people develop their personality in the service of positive goals

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Carl Rogers

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Roger's term for the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming

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actualizing tendency

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the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of that person's behavior

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unconditional positive regard

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dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways

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personality traits

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a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects; used by Cattell to identify trait clusters

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factor analysis

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five traits or basic dimensions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality

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Big Five

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what are the big five?

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1.extroversion 2. agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness/ dependability 4. Emotinal stability 5. Culture/Intellect/Openness

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view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate enviroment

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Cognitive-social learning theories

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in Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a resut of behaving in certain ways

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expectancies

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according to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control

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locus of control

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according to Bandura, the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful

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Self-efficacy

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In bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations

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performance standards

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personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way

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objective tests

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personality tests consisting of ambiguous and unstructured material

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projective tests

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a projctive tests composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality

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Rorschach test

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a projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story

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thematic apperception test

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defense mechanism that occurs when people refuse to face the obvious reality

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denial

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defense mechanism that suppressed thoughts'feelings into the unconscious

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repression

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defense mechanism when putting out feeling in something other than the source of the feelings; withholding feeling from the intended target

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displacement

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defense mechanism- "he made me do it"; blame someone else

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projection

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defense mechanism when acting th oposite of what you feel

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reaction formation

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defense mechanism when making excuses for behavior that may have been bad

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rationalization

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defense mechanism that make an aversion to immature behavior

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regression

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defense mechanism when finding socially acceptable outlets for feelings or needs

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sublimation