Psych/ch. 8-10

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior

Front 2

motives

Back 2

needs or wants that drive goal-directed behavior

Front 3

instinctive behaviors

Back 3

genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species

Front 4

instinct theory

Back 4

the belief that behavior is motivated by instinct

Front 5

drive theory

Back 5

the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction

Front 6

need

Back 6

a state of deprivation or deficiency

Front 7

drive

Back 7

a state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises form an unmet need

Front 8

drive reduction

Back 8

satisfaction of a drive

Front 9

primary drives

Back 9

innate frives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs

Front 10

secondary drives

Back 10

drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth

Front 11

stimulus motives

Back 11

internal states that prompt inquisitive, stimulation-seeking, and exploratory behavior

Front 12

arousal theory

Back 12

the belief that whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism's optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it

Front 13

incentive theory

Back 13

the belief that our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior

Front 14

incentives

Back 14

rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act

Front 15

incentive value

Back 15

the strength of the "pull" of a goal or reward

Front 16

psychosocial needs

Back 16

needs the reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement

Front 17

need for achievement

Back 17

the need to excel in ones' endeavors

Front 18

extrinsic motivation

Back 18

motivation reflecting a desire for external rewards, such as wealth or the respect of others

Front 19

intrinsic motivation

Back 19

motivation reflecting a desire for internal gratification, such as the self-satisfaction derived form accomplishing a particular goal

Front 20

achievement motivation

Back 20

the motive or desire to achieve success

Front 21

avoidance motivation

Back 21

the motive or desire to avoid failure

Front 22

hierarchy of needs

Back 22

Maslow's concept that there is an order to human needs, which starts with basic biological needs and progresses to self-actualization

Front 23

self-actualization

Back 23

the motive that drives individuals to express their unique capabilities and fulfill their potentials

Front 24

lateral hypothalamus

Back 24

a part of the hypothalamus involved in initiating, or "turning on" eating.

Front 25

ventromedial hypothalamus

Back 25

a part of the hypothalamus involved in regulating feelings of satiety

Front 26

set point theory

Back 26

the belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined "set point"

Front 27

gender identity

Back 27

the psychological sense of maleness or femaleness

Front 28

sexual orientation

Back 28

the directionality of one's erotic interests

Front 29

gender roles

Back 29

the cultural expectations imposed on men and women to behave in ways deemed appropriate for their gender

Front 30

sexual response cycle

Back 30

the term used by Masters and Johnson to refer to the characteristic stages of physiological response to sexual stimulation

Front 31

vasocongestion

Back 31

swelling of tissues with blood, a process that accounts for penile erection and vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal

Front 32

sexual dysfunctions

Back 32

persistent or recurrent problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response

Front 33

performance anxiety

Back 33

anxiety experienced in performance situations stemming from a fear of negative evaluation of one's ability to perform

Front 34

emotions

Back 34

feelings states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.

Front 35

display rules

Back 35

cultural customs and norms that govern the displays of emotional expressions

Front 36

facial-feedback-hypothesis

Back 36

the belief that mimicking facial movements associated with a particular emotion will produce the corresponding emotional state

Front 37

Duchenne smile

Back 37

a genuine smile that involves contraction of a particular set of facial muscles

Front 38

James-Lange theory

Back 38

the belief that emotions occur after people become aware of their physiological responses to the triggering stimuli

Front 39

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 39

the belief that emotional and physiological reactions to triggering stimuli occur almost simultaneously

Front 40

two-factor model

Back 40

the theory that emotions involve two factors: a state of general arousal and a cognitive interpretation (or labeling) of the causes of the arousal

Front 41

dual-pathway model of fear

Back 41

LeDoux's theory that the brain uses two pathways ( a "high road" and a "low road") to process fear messages

Front 42

emotional intelligence

Back 42

the ability to recognize emotions in yourself and others and to manage your own emotions effectively.

Front 43

developmental psychology

Back 43

the branch of psychology that explores physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development

Front 44

maturation

Back 44

the biological unfolding of the organism according to the underlying genetic code

Front 45

ovulation

Back 45

the release of an egg cell (ovum) from the ovary

Front 46

ovaries

Back 46

the female gonads, which secrete the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone and produce mature egg cells

Front 47

fallopian tube

Back 47

a straw-like tube between an ovary and the uterus through which an ovum passes after ovulation

Front 48

zygote

Back 48

a fertilized egg cell

Front 49

germinal stage

Back 49

the stage of prenatal development that spans the period from fertilization through implantation

Front 50

fertilization

Back 50

the union of sperm and ovum

Front 51

uterus

Back 51

the female reproductive organ in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted and develops to term

Front 52

embryonic stage

Back 52

the stage of prenatal development from implantation through about the 8th week of pregnancy during which the major organ systems begin to form

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embryo

Back 53

the developing organism at an early stage of prenatal development

Front 54

neural tube

Back 54

the area in the embryo fro which the nervous system develops

Front 55

amniotic sac

Back 55

the uterine sac that contains the fetus

Front 56

placenta

Back 56

the organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between mother and fetus

Front 57

fetal stage

Back 57

the stage of prenatal development in which the fetus develops, beginning around the 9th week of pregnancy and lasting until the birth of the child

Front 58

fetus

Back 58

the developing organism in the later stages of prenatal development

Front 59

spina bifida

Back 59

a neural tube defect in which the child is born with a hole in the tube surrounding the spinal cord

Front 60

teratogen

Back 60

an environmental influence or agent that may harm the developing embryo or fetus

Front 61

rubella

Back 61

a common childhood disease that can lead to serious birth defects if contracted by the mother during pregnancy (also called German measles).

Front 62

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Back 62

the sudden and unexplained death of infants that usually occurs when they are asleep in their cribs

Front 63

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 63

syndrome caused by maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy in which the child shows developmental delays and facial deformities

Front 64

rooting reflex

Back 64

the reflexive turning of the newborn's head in the direction of a touch on its cheek

Front 65

eyeblink reflex

Back 65

the reflexive blinking of the eyes that protects the newborn from bright light and foreign objects

Front 66

sucking reflex

Back 66

rhythmic sucking in response to stimulation of the tongue or mouth

Front 67

Moro reflex

Back 67

an inborn reflex, elicited by sudden noise or loss of support, in which the infant extends its arms, arches it back, and brings its arms toward each other as though attempting to grab hold of someone

Front 68

palmar grasp reflex

Back 68

the reflexive curling of the infant's fingers around an object that touches its palm

Front 69

Babinski reflex

Back 69

the reflexive fanning out and curling of the infant's fingers toes and inward twisting of its foot when the sole of the foot is stroked

Front 70

temperament

Back 70

a characteristic style of behavior or disposition

Front 71

attachment

Back 71

the enduring emotional bond that infants and older children form with their caregivers

Front 72

imprinting

Back 72

the formation of a strong bond of the new born animal to the first moving object seen after birth

Front 73

schema

Back 73

To Piaget, a mental framework for understanding or acting on environment

Front 74

adaptation

Back 74

To Piaget, the process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment

Front 75

assimilation

Back 75

To Piaget, the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas

Front 76

accommodation

Back 76

To Piaget, the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences

Front 77

object permanence

Back 77

the recognition that objects continue to exist even if they have disappeared from sight

Front 78

symbolic representations

Back 78

a term referring to the use of words to represent (name) objects and describe experiences

Front 79

egocentrism

Back 79

To Piaget, the tendency to see the world only from one's own perspective

Front 80

animistic thinking

Back 80

To Piaget, the child's belief that inanimate objects have living qualities

Front 81

irreversibility

Back 81

To Piaget, the inability to reverse the direction of sequence of events to their starting point

Front 82

centration

Back 82

To Piaget, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time

Front 83

conservation

Back 83

in Piaget's theory, the ability to recognize the quantity or amount of an object remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearance

Front 84

formal operations

Back 84

the level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget's theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms

Front 85

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Back 85

in Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction

Front 86

adolescence

Back 86

the period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood

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puberty

Back 87

the stage of development at which individuals become physiologically capable of reproducing

Front 88

secondary sex characteristics

Back 88

physical characteristics that differentiate males and females but are not directly involved in reproduction

Front 89

primary sex characteristics

Back 89

physical characteristics, such as the gonads, that differentiate males and females and play a direct role in reproduction

Front 90

menarche

Back 90

the first menstruation

Front 91

imaginary audience

Back 91

the common belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people's attention

Front 92

personal fable

Back 92

the common belief among adolescents that their feelings and experiences cannot possibly be understood by others and that they are personally invulnerable to harm

Front 93

ego identity

Back 93

in Erickson's theory, the attainment of psychological sense of knowing oneself and one's direction in life

Front 94

identity crisis

Back 94

in Erikson's theory, a stressful period of serious soul-searching and self-examination of issues relating to personal values and one's direction in life

Front 95

role diffusion

Back 95

in Erikson's model, a lack of direction or aimlessness with respect to one's role in life or public identity

Front 96

fluid intelligence

Back 96

a form of intelligence associated with the ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems

Front 97

crystallized intelligence

Back 97

a form of intelligence associated with the ability to sues accumulated knowledge

Front 98

menopause

Back 98

the time in life when menstruation ends

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emerging adulthood

Back 99

the period of psychological development, roughly spanning the ages of 18-25, during which the person makes the transition from adolescence to adulthood

Front 100

midlife crisis

Back 100

a state of psychological crisis, often occurring during middle adulthood, in which people grapple with the loss of their youth

Front 101

dementia

Back 101

a condition involving a major deterioration of loss of mental abilities involved in memory, reasoning, judgement, and ability to carry out purposeful behavior.

Front 102

Alzheimer's disease

Back 102

an irreversible brain disease with a progressive course of deterioration or metal functioning

Front 103

osteoporosis

Back 103

a bone disease characterized by a loss of bone density in which the bones become porous, brittle, and more prone to fracture

Front 104

health psychology

Back 104

the specialty in psychology that focuses on the interrelationships between psychological factors and physical health

Front 105

stress

Back 105

pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt

Front 106

distress

Back 106

a state of emotional of physical suffering, discomfort, or pain

Front 107

stressors

Back 107

sources of stress

Front 108

hassles

Back 108

annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burden

Front 109

chronic stress

Back 109

continuing or lingering stress

Front 110

frustration

Back 110

a negative emotional state experienced when one's efforts to pursue one's goals are thwarted

Front 111

conflict

Back 111

a state of tension brought about by opposing motives operating simultaneously

Front 112

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 112

a psychological disorder involving a maladaptive reaction to traumatic stress

Front 113

Type A Behavior pattern (TABP)

Back 113

a behavior pattern characterized by impatience, time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility

Front 114

acculturative stress

Back 114

demands faced by immigrants in adjusting to a host culture

Front 115

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 115

Selye's term for the three-stage response of the body to persistent or intense stress

Front 116

alarm stage

Back 116

the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, involving mobilization of the body's resources to cope with an immediate stressor

Front 117

fight-or-flight response

Back 117

the body's built-in alarm system that allows it to quickly mobilize its resources to either fight or flee when faced with a threatening stressor

Front 118

resistance stage

Back 118

the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, characterized by the body's attempt to adjust or adapt to persistent stress

Front 119

exhaustion stage

Back 119

the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome, characterized by depletion of bodily resources and a lowered resistance to stress-related disorders or conditions

Front 120

hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

Back 120

the integrated system of endocrine glands involved in the body's response to stress

Front 121

corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 121

a hormone released by the hypothalamus that induces the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Front 122

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Back 122

a pituitary hormone that activates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (cortical steroids)

Front 123

adrenal glands

Back 123

a pair of endocrine glands located just above the kidney's that produce various stress-related hormones

Front 124

adrenal cortex

Back 124

the outer layer of the adrenal glands that secretes corticosteroids (cortical steroids)

Front 125

corticosteroids

Back 125

adrenal hormones that increase the body's resistance to stress by increasing the availability of stored nutrients to meet the increased energy demands of coping with stressful events. Also, called cortical steroids.

Front 126

adrenal medulla

Back 126

the inner part of the adrenal glands that secretes the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 127

lymphocytes

Back 127

white blood cells that protect the body against disease-causing organisms

Front 128

antigens

Back 128

substances such as bacteria and viruses, that are recognized by the immune system as foreign to the body and that induce it to produce antibodies to defend against them

Front 129

antibodies

Back 129

protein molecules produces by the immune system that serve to mark antigens for destruction by specialized lymphocytes

Front 130

vaccination

Back 130

a method of acquiring immunity by means of injecting a weakened or partial form of an infectious agent that can induce production of antibodies but does not produce full-blown infection

Front 131

psychological hardiness

Back 131

a cluster of traits (commitment, openness to challenge, internal locus of control) that may buffer the effects of stress

Front 132

arteries

Back 132

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart through the circulatory system

Front 133

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Back 133

the most common form of heart disease, cause by blockages in coronary arteries, the vessels that supply the heart with blood

Front 134

atherosclerosis

Back 134

a form of arteriosclerosis involving the narrowing of artery walls resulting from the buildup of fatty deposits of plaque

Front 135

plaque

Back 135

in the circulatory system, fatty deposits that accumulate along artery walls

Front 136

arteriosclerosis

Back 136

a condition in which artery walls become thicker and lose elasticity. Commonly called hardening of the arteries.

Front 137

heart attack

Back 137

a potentially life-threatening event involving the death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood flow to the heart. Also called myocardial infarction.

Front 138

malignant tumors

Back 138

uncontrolled growths of body cells that invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body

Front 139

basal cell carcinoma

Back 139

a form of skin cancer that is easily curable if detected and removed early

Front 140

melanoma

Back 140

the most deadly form of skin cancer

Front 141

sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Back 141

a disease caused by an infectious agent that is spread by sexual contract. Also called a sexually transmitted infection or STI

Front 142

who promoted drive theory

Back 142

Clark Hull

Front 143

who is the researcher for need of achievement

Back 143

David McClelland

Front 144

Needs model human motivation: who

Back 144

Abrahma Maslow

Front 145

emotional expression:

Back 145

anger
fear
disgust
sadness
happiness
surprise

Front 146

teratogens

Back 146

certain drugs taken by mother, x-rays, environmental contaminants
4-8 weeks

Front 147

out of five senses which is the slowest to develop

Back 147

vision

Front 148

different types of temperments

Back 148

easy children- playful respond positively
difficult children- act negative to new stimuli
slow-to-warm-up children- low activity levels, take a while to get used to things around them

Front 149

fussy infants

Back 149

tend to have more conduct problems in childhood especially boys

Front 150

slow to warm up infant

Back 150

likely to suffer from anxiety or depression

Front 151

easy infant

Back 151

generally better grown up as an adult

Front 152

Parenting Styles

Back 152

authoritative
authoritarian
permissive

Front 153

permissive parenting style

Back 153

"anything goes" attitude
children may not develop interpersonal skills
parents don't have any limits and impose discipline

Front 154

authoritative parenting style

Back 154

set reasonable limits
not overcontrolling
most succesfull parenting

Front 155

authoritarian parenting style

Back 155

rigid and overcontrolling
children are at higher risk of becoming over weight

Front 156

psychosocial development

Back 156

Erikson
early childhood to adulthood

Front 157

trust versus mistrust

Back 157

first challenge the infant will face is the development of trust toward its environment.

Front 158

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Back 158

2-3 year old children have concerns with autonomy; newly developed sense of greater independence and nurture
if a parent responds in a negative way to a child (toilet training) the child will get riddled and feel self-doubt

Front 159

initiative versus gilt

Back 159

3-6 year olds
children who get commended for their actions will develop a sense of initiative and competence
children who frequently fail tasks may develop feelings of guilt or powerlessness

Front 160

industry versus inferiority

Back 160

6-12 years of age
challenge of developing industriousness and self confidence. children that do good on the fields and in the gym will become industrious.
Children that have failure out weigh success will develop inferiority

Front 161

development theorist that is the most important of all time

Back 161

Jean Piaget

Front 162

Piaget who is he?

Back 162

-Swiss developmentalist
-believed the best way to understand how childrened worked is to observe them

Front 163

Schemas to Piaget

Back 163

a child is born with simple schemas such as basic reflexes like sucking a thumb. This has adaptive value b/c the infant needs to obtain nourishment from its mother's breast or the bottle by sucking.
ex: Danielle sucking shema crashed when she was introduced to a tippy cup

Front 164

What stage of cognitive development is adolescence in?

Back 164

Formal Operational Stage
-when children start to hit puberty

Front 165

What are the cognitive developmental stages?

Back 165

Sensorimotor Stage- Birth to 2 years;
Preoperational Stage- 2 to 7 years; pretend play
Concrete Operational stage- 7 to 11 years; thinking becomes less egocentric.
Formal Operational Stage- 11-12; puberty

Front 166

Who is Vygotsky?

Back 166

russian psychologist
-concerned on how children understand the social world
-believes kids are born with a clean slate

Front 167

What is stress in psychology terms?

Back 167

preeures or demands paced upon an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment

Front 168

what are sources of stress called?

Back 168

stressors

Front 169

types of stressors?

Back 169

hassels- traffic jams
life events- loss of a loved one
frustration- drive or date but not old enough
conflict- often vacillate
traumatic- hurricanes or tornadoes
type A behavior- impatient and competitive

Front 170

how many types of conflict have psychologists discovered?

Back 170

four types
approach
avoidance
approach-avoidance
multiple approach-avoidance

Front 171

scientific form for hardening the arteries

Back 171

arteriosclerosis

Front 172

fatty deposits along artery walls

Back 172

plaque

Front 173

what are the most deaths in the u.s from?

Back 173

smoking

Front 174

what leads to cancer deaths

Back 174

smoking and diet

Front 175

storm and stress adolescence who?

Back 175

G. Stanley Hall

Front 176

prenatal develop stages

Back 176

-germinal stage
-embryonic stage
-fetal stage