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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory's location |
We aren't exactly sure |
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Flashbulb memory |
Flashbacks, emotional tones. A unique and highly emotionalmoment can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulbmemory. Though this memory is not free from errors.
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The phenomenon of memory
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memory is an indication that learning has persisted overtime. It’s our ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.
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Information processing models
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Used to help us think about how the brain forms andretrieves memories. (3 types). Encoding, storage, retrieval.
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encoding |
processof getting information into the memory system
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Storage |
process of retaining encoded information over time |
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retrieval |
process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Information processing model. What are the three stages? |
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968):
1. We first record to be remembered information asa fleeting sensory memory 2. From there, we process information into short –term memory, where we encode I through rehearsal 3. |
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Workingmemory model
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Baddeley’smodel includes visual and auditory rehearsal of new information. Part of thebrain functions like a manager, a central executive focusing attention andpulling information from long- term memory to help make sense of newinformation.
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encoding |
building memories |
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Our two track memory system |
Explicit memories(declarative memories) Of conscious facts and experiences encoded throughconscious, effortful processing.
Implicit memories (nodeclarative memories) that form through automatic processes and bypass theconscious encoding track. |
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Becomes implicit |
Learninghow to drive in the beginning takes effort, as time goes on, it becomes “secondnature”
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Automatic processing
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Enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly byus like:
1. Space:while reading a textbook you automatically encode place of a picture on a page. 2. Time:we unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. 3. Frequency:you effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you. |
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Sensory memory, iconic memory, echoic memory
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Firststage in forming explicit memories, immediate, very brief recording of sensoryinformation in the memory system.
Ionic - picture- image memory Echoic - sound memory |
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Short - term memory |
activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as theseven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is storedor forgotten.
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Working memory |
newer understanding of short-term memory that stressesconscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatialinformation and of information retrieved
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Chunking |
Organizingitems into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automaticallyan>
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Mnemonics
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Memoryaids especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devises(peg-word system or loci (location).
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Chunking |
Organizing a passage of numbers by historical dates |
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Chunkin |
Using acronyms |
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Spacing effect |
Encoding is more effective when it’s spread over time. Distributedpractice: produces better long-term recall. Massive practice: produces speedyshort term learning and feelings of confidence. Effective. Cramming is noteffective at all.
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Repeated self-testing (testing effect)
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Encoding is very effective |
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Memory storage |
retaining information in the brain |
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Past research |
wholepast is contained in memory – waiting to be retrieved/body
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Newer findings |
informationis not stored in a single, specific spot; it is also factionary. Hippocampus –a very influential structure in memory placement. Perception, language |
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Key memory structures in the brain |
Frontal lobes and hippocampus: explicit memoryformation-
Cerebellum and basal ganglia: implicit memoryformation. Influential for coordination (athletics). Amygdala: emotion-related memory formation |
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Two memory systems |
automatic and effortful |
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Three types of evidenceindicate memory retention
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Relearning– studying-
Recognition– multiple choice- Recall – fillin the blank |
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Which memory retention is the most effective in testing |
recall |
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Memory retrieval
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memoriesare held in storage by a web of associations (neural networks)
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Retrieval cues |
serveas anchor points for pathways to memories suspended in this web.
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Priming |
activation, often unconsciously, of particular associationsin memory. Music helps us memorize.
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