Psych Ch. 6,7,8,15

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.

Front 2

Cultural Psychology

Back 2

Field of psychology that assumes psychological theories grounded in once culture are unlikely to be applicable to other cultures.

Front 3

Attributions

Back 3

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behavior, and their own behavior

Front 4

Attribution Error

Back 4

Refers to observer's bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior.

Front 5

Stereotypes

Back 5

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

Front 6

Prejudice

Back 6

A negative attitude held toward members of a group.

Front 7

Discrimination

Back 7

Behaving differently, and usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Front 8

In-Group Bias

Back 8

Values and behavior of members of own group are superior to others.

Front 9

Out-Group Bias

Back 9

Values and behavior of other groups is inferior to one's own.

Front 10

Asch Conformity Study

Back 10

Multiple subjects are asked to match the line out of three that matches an original line. The first five subjects (in on experiment) answer incorrectly. 37% of the subjects (not in on it) would conform to the others and answer incorrectly when they knew it was incorrect.

Front 11

Milgram obedience study

Back 11

Subjects told to shock other person when they made a mistake making the strength larger and larger. After a while the learner would pound on wall and protest and eventually became silent. The dependent variable was how long the subject would continue to administer stronger shocks.

Front 12

Zimbardo prison study

Back 12

Students chosen to be guards and prisoners in a prison. Guards told they could run prison any way they wanted (without physical punishment). Guards became cruel and prisoners showed emotional disturbance. Results attributed to social roles.

Front 13

Bystander Effect

Back 13

People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.

Front 14

Diffusion of Responsibility

Back 14

If someone sees someone who needs help they will not feel responsible if they are in a group but they will if they are alone.

Front 15

Groupthink

Back 15

Occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.

Front 16

Group Polarization

Back 16

Occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction.

Front 17

Classical Conditioning

Back 17

Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Front 18

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 18

Stimulus that evokes and unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Front 19

Unconditioned Response

Back 19

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

Front 20

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 20

Previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Front 21

Conditioned Response

Back 21

Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Front 22

Extinction

Back 22

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Front 23

Stimulus Generalization

Back 23

Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Front 24

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 24

Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Front 25

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 25

A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were and unconditioned stimulus.

Front 26

Operant Conditioning

Back 26

Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Front 27

Phobias

Back 27

come from preparedness: species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Front 28

Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 28

Specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

Front 29

Cognitive Psychology

Back 29

Branch of psychology that focuses on "higher" mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language , problem solving, decision making, creativity.

Front 30

Punishment

Back 30

Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

Front 31

Positive Reinforcement

Back 31

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Front 32

Negative Reinforcement

Back 32

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Front 33

Shaping

Back 33

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Front 34

Social Intelligence

Back 34

Accepts others for what they are, has social conscience, thinks before speaking and doing, is senstive to other people's needs and desires.

Front 35

Order of Memory Processes

Back 35

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Front 36

Encoding

Back 36

Forming a memory code.

Front 37

Storage

Back 37

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

Front 38

Retrieval

Back 38

Recovering information from memory stores.

Front 39

Sensory Memory

Back 39

Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time (fraction of second)

Front 40

Short-Term Memory

Back 40

A limited-capacity store that can manipulate unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.

Front 41

Long-Term Memory

Back 41

Unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

Front 42

Ways to help memory retrieval

Back 42

Using cues, reinstating the context of event, source monitoring (making inferences about the origins of memories)

Front 43

Recall

Back 43

required one to reproduce information on their own without any cues.

Front 44

Recognition

Back 44

one selects previously learned information from an array of options.

Front 45

Serial Position Effect

Back 45

Occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle.