Psych Ch 5 - The Self

Front 1

Self concept

Back 1

Attributes that define what we believe we are (dev. at 18-24 mos)

Front 2

Red rouge test

Back 2

all apes, chimps, gorillas, magpies, orangutans can tell mark is on self, not on mirror

Front 3

Infantile amnesia

Back 3

not remembering when you're really young

Front 4

Cocktail party effect

Back 4

can hear self-relevent info easily

Front 5

Self reference effect

Back 5

Info picked up easily when related to yourself

Front 6

Self knowledge

Back 6

beliefs of who we are

Front 7

Cultural differences of Self

Back 7

EAST = interdependent, determined by relationship with others
WEST = independent, defining with internal thoughts, feelings actions

Front 8

Gender view of self

Back 8

WOMEN: Rational interdependence (family, small groups)
MEN: collective interdependence (large groups, frats)

Front 9

Introspection

Back 9

looking inward to find inside info that you alone have about thoughts, feelings, motives (best method but has limits)

Front 10

Self-awareness theory

Back 10

mirror camera etc -> self awareness -> compare to current behavior/ internal standards ->
NO: escape/change self, YES: feel fine

Front 11

Bem's self perception theory

Back 11

when uncertain/ ambiguous thoughts/feeling, observe our own behaviors and infer

Front 12

Reasons-generated attitude change

Back 12

overthinking = less accurate, changed attitude

Because you bring up reasons that don’t exp true feelings, talk yourself into it

Front 13

Reflected appraisals

Back 13

perception of how others perceive/evaluate self

Front 14

Direct feedback

Back 14

info directly from others about traits/abilities

Front 15

Social comparison theory

Back 15

learn about abilities by comparing ourselves to others (when uncertain about self, with those who have similar background)

Front 16

Upward Social comparison

Back 16

When we want to know excellence, compare to better people.

Goal = accuracy
Negative if unattainable standard

Front 17

Downward Social Comparison

Back 17

To feel good, compare to people that are worse (or own
past performance)

Goal = feel better
Negative if there’s a possibility you may become like them

Front 18

Impression management

Back 18

attempt to get others to see you the way you want to be seen - control of info to audience (real, imagined, or self)

Important to "save face" in East

Front 19

Ingratiation

Back 19

flatter, praise, compliments, agreement to make yourself likable to others

Front 20

Self presentation

Back 20

Controlling, regulating, monitoring info about self - present desired yet plausible identity

Front 21

Self-handicapping

Back 21

set up excuses before possible failure to avoid self-blame

behavioral (actually act) VS reported (just come up w/ excuses)

Front 22

Self-monitoring

Back 22

attuned to self presentation in social situations, adjusting performance to create desired impression - “social chameleons” - in the moment

Front 23

Self esteem

Back 23

People’s evaluations of their self-worth, extent to which they view themselves good, competent, decent

trait vs state, implicit vs explicit

Front 24

One needs...

Back 24

1) self consistancy - stable self view
2) self enhancement - positive self view, protect against neg. feedback
3) self appraisal - accurate assessment

Front 25

Why self esteem is necessary

Back 25

Terror management theory: self esteem is a buffer from terrifying thoughs (death)
assures our self value

Sociometer theory: Evolutionary purpose = protects against isolation

Self-affirmation theory: cope with specific failures

Front 26

Self serving bias

Back 26

success = me, failure = other external factors

Front 27

self-centered bias

Back 27

take more than share for positive group outcome

Front 28

comparative optimism

Back 28

belief that you’re less likely than others to experience negative events, more likely to experience positive events


EXCEPTION: Bracing for the worst, pessimistic estimates when imminent potentially negative outcome present

Front 29

Better than average effect

Back 29

Better than avg person in ambiguous, highly desirable traits

Front 30

false consensus effect

Back 30

overestimate of commonality of (undesirable) traits/behaviors

Bad things = everyone has them

Front 31

false-uniqueness effect

Back 31

underestimate commonality of successful/desirable traits

Good things = I only have them

Front 32

Why do we have biases?

Back 32

1) Positive illusions
2) Depressive realism
3) Helps us perservere

Front 33

Too much self esteem =

Back 33

narcissism, too much self love, not enough empathy

Front 34

Self efficacy

Back 34

how capable you are to operate/ perform

+ persistance, - anxiety, - depression

Front 35

Illusions of Control

Back 35

Belief that chance events can be controlled

Front 36

Locus of self control

Back 36

Characteristic of people, perception that events are INTERNALLY or EXTERNALLY controlled

Front 37

Internal locus of control

Back 37

Do better in school, wear seat belts, deal with marriage issues, achieve long term goals

Front 38

External locus of control

Back 38

Events are out of your control, lack preserverence

Front 39

Learned helplessness

Back 39

hopelessness/resignation over lack of control over bad events

Front 40

Planning fallacy

Back 40

overestimate abilities, even worst case scenario

Front 41

Self control

Back 41

how we plan/execute decisions

Front 42

Casual theories (about why we feel some way)

Back 42

theories about what influences your feelings/behavior to explain why you feel that way - many times wrong

Front 43

Intrinsic motivation

Back 43

Likeliness to engage in act because they enjoy it/find it interesting - enjoying the “means”

Front 44

Extrinsic motivation

Back 44

Do it for external rewards/pressures (food, money, etc) - just a means to the end, end is important, external factors

Front 45

Over-justification effect

Back 45

tendency to view behavior is caused by extrinsic reasons, underestimate intrinsic reason -> loss of intrinsic interest (unless there was none)

Front 46

Task-contingent rewards

Back 46

for doing task, regardless of how well it’s done

Front 47

Performance contingent rewards

Back 47

For how well you do a task

Front 48

Two factor theory of emotion (Schachter)

Back 48

1) experience physiological arousal -> 2) seek appropriate explanation/label (environment/cues)

Front 49

Misattribution of arousal

Back 49

Mistaken influences about why they feel some way: in real life, there are many causes

ex: attracted to woman or just a high bridge??

Front 50

Fixed mindset

Back 50

set amount of ability, cannot change, fate in control: often give up

Front 51

Growth mindset

Back 51

Idea that abilities are malleable, we can grow, free will: more sccessful, improve

Front 52

Social tuning

Back 52

process by which other people adopt another’s attitudes

can happen unconsciously

Front 53

thought suppression

Back 53

try to push thoughts out of minds, often backfires

Front 54

self regulatory resource model

Back 54

need plenty of energy (glucose) when trying to control our actions, focus on controlling one thing AND practice makes perfect, be very specific with goals