Psych Ch. 16 And 17

Front 1

The study of mental disorders, or a term for the mental disorder itself

Back 1

psychopathology

Front 2

The hypothesis that mental disorders result from organic (bodily) causes

Back 2

somatogenic hypothesis

Front 3

The hypothesis that mental disorders result from psychological causes

Back 3

psychogenic hypothesis

Front 4

the hypothesis that mental disorders result from some form of faulty learning

Back 4

learning model

Front 5

A conception of psychopathology that distinguishes factors that create a risk of illness (the d) from the factors that turn the risk into the problem (the s)

Back 5

diasthesis-stress model

Front 6

a conception of how mental disorders arise that emphasizes the roles played by many different factors

Back 6

multicausal model

Front 7

A perspective on psychopathology that emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to mental illness

Back 7

biopsychosocial perspective

Front 8

The manual that provides specific guidance on how to diagnose each of the nearly 200 psychological disorders;

Back 8

diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders

Front 9

The percentage of people in a given population who have a given disorder at any particular point in time

Back 9

point prevalence

Front 10

the percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives

Back 10

lifetime prevalence

Front 11

The set of procedures for gathering information about an individual's psychological state, sometimes leading to the diagnosis

Back 11

assessment

Front 12

An interview in which questions are posed in a standardized yet flexible way.

Back 12

semistructured interview

Front 13

in psychopathology, what the patient reports about his physical or mental condition

Back 13

symptoms

Front 14

In psychopathology, what the clinician observes about a patient's physical or mental condition

Back 14

signs

Front 15

A group of disorders distinguished by feelings of intense distress and worry, and in many cases, disruptive and unsuccessful attempts to deal with these feelings

Back 15

anxiety disorders

Front 16

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and, at least on the surface irrational fear

Back 16

phobia

Front 17

any of the disorders characterized by extreme and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

Back 17

specific phobias

Front 18

an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated or disabling panic attacks

Back 18

panic disorder

Front 19

A sudden episode of terrifying bodily symptoms such as labored breathing, chocking, dizziness, tingling hands and feet, sweating, trembling, heart palpitations, and chest pain

Back 19

panic attack

Front 20

A fear of being in situations in which help might not be available or escape might be difficult or embarrassing

Back 20

agoraphobia

Front 21

a disorder characterized by pervasive, free-floating anxiety

Back 21

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Front 22

a disorder whose symptoms are obsessions and compulsions, which seem to serve as defenses against anxiety

Back 22

obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)

Front 23

recurrent unwanted or disturbing thoughts

Back 23

obsessions

Front 24

repetitive or ritualistic acts that, in ocd, serve in some way to deal with the obsessions

Back 24

compulsions

Front 25

a reaction sometimes observed in individuals who have experienced a trauma, characterized by flashbacks and recurrent nightmares

Back 25

acute stress disorder

Front 26

a chronic, sometimes lifelong disorder that may follow a traumatic experience. symptoms include dissociation, recurrent nightmares, flashbacks, and sleep disturbances

Back 26

post traumatic stress disorder

Front 27

what are the types of symptoms in ptsd

Back 27

re-experiencing, arousal, and avoidance

Front 28

the tendency for different mental disorders to occur together in the same person

Back 28

comorbidity

Front 29

the probability that a person with a particular familial relationship to a patient has the same disorder as the patient

Back 29

concordance rate

Front 30

a group of disorders distinguished primarily by changes in positive and negative affective state

Back 30

mood disorders

Front 31

a mood disorder characterized by disabling sadness, hopelessness, and apathy; loss of energy, pleasure, and motivation; and disturbances of sleep, diet, and other bodily functions

Back 31

mood disorders

Front 32

a mood disorder in which the patient swings between emotional extremes, experiencing both manic and depressive episodes

Back 32

bipolar disorder

Front 33

a pattern sometimes observed with bipolar disorder in which the person displays a combination of manic and depressive sympotms

Back 33

mixed states

Front 34

a mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless

Back 34

hypomania

Front 35

a state characterized by racing thoughts, pressured speech, irritability or euphoria, and impaired judgement.

Back 35

mania

Front 36

what are the neurotransmitters that play a role in mood disorders?

Back 36

norep, dopa, sero

Front 37

according to aaron beck, the core cognitive component of depression, consisting of an individual's automatic negative interpretations concerning himself, his future, and the world

Back 37

negative cognitive schema

Front 38

a person's characteristic way of explaining his experiences. consistently attributing bad experiences to internal, global, and stable causes may increase vulnerability to depression

Back 38

explanatory story

Front 39

a group of severe mental disorders characterized by at least some of the following: marked disturbance of thought, withdrawal, inappropriate or flat emotions, delusions, and hallucinations

Back 39

schizophrenia

Front 40

the forecast of how a situation (including an illness) will improve or fail to improve in the future

Back 40

prognosis

Front 41

loss of contact with reality, most often evidenced as delusions or hallucinations

Back 41

psychosis

Front 42

systemized false beliefs, often of grandeur or persectution

Back 42

delusions

Front 43

perceived experiences that occur in the absence of actual sensory stimulation

Back 43

hallucinations

Front 44

a negative symptom which involves standing or sitting frozen

Back 44

catatonic

Front 45

a negative symptom which is the loss of interest in activities that we would ordinarily expect to be pleasurable

Back 45

anhedonia

Front 46

a disorder that stems from early brain abnormalities

Back 46

neurodevelopmental disorder

Front 47

asserts that the brains of people with schizophrenia are oversensitive to the neurotransmitter (x)

Back 47

dopamine hypothesis

Front 48

drugs (such as thorazine and haldol) that block dopamine receptors. these drugs seem to treat many positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 48

classical antipsychotics

Front 49

a disorder usually diagnosed in young children, and characterized by a wide range of developmental problems, including language and motor problems

Back 49

autism

Front 50

a disorder usually diagnosed in young children, and characterized by impulsivity, difficulty staying focused on a task, and a range of behavioral problems

Back 50

adhd

Front 51

an eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation

Back 51

anorexia nervosa

Front 52

an eating disorder characterized by repeated binge and purge bouts

Back 52

bulimia nervosa

Front 53

eating a large amount of food within a brief period

Back 53

binge eating

Front 54

actions taken to ensure that binge eating does not translate into weight gain

Back 54

compensatory behavior

Front 55

the inability of an individual to remember some period of her life, or even her entire past, including her identity; often understood as a way of coping with extremely painful events

Back 55

dissociative amnesia

Front 56

a state in which someone leaves home, then days or months later, suddenly realizes he is in a strange place and doesn't know how he got there; often understood as a means of coping with extremely painful events

Back 56

dissociative fugue

Front 57

a disorder that results in a person developing two or more distinct personalities

Back 57

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Front 58

relatively stable, pervasive patterns of behavior and inner experience that are culturally discrepant and lead to distress or impairment

Back 58

personality disorders

Front 59

an instance of a mental disorder in which someone does show symptoms, but not at a level of intensity, frequency, or duration that would justify a formal diagnosis

Back 59

subsyndromal disorder

Front 60

an understanding of how a patient's cultural background shapes his beliefs, values, and expectations for therapy

Back 60

cultural competence

Front 61

approaches to therapy that are derived from psychoanalytic theory, which asserts that clinical symptoms arise from unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood

Back 61

psychodynamic approaches

Front 62

a patient's tendency to respond to the analyst or therapist in ways that re-create her responses to major figures in her life

Back 62

transference

Front 63

a form of therapy focused on helping the patient understand how she interacts with others and then learn better ways of interacting and communicating

Back 63

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Front 64

an approach to therapy centered around the idea that people must take responsibility for their lives and actions

Back 64

humanistic approach

Front 65

a form of humanistic therapy associated with Carl Rogers, in which the therapist's genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding are crucial to therapeutic success

Back 65

client-centered therapy

Front 66

a brief, non-confrontational, client-centered therapy designed to change specific problematic behaviors such as alcohol or drug use

Back 66

motivational-enhancement therapy

Front 67

a form of humanistic therapy associated with FRitz Perls that aims to help the patient integrate inconsistent aspects of herself into a coherent whole by increasing self-awareness and self acceptance

Back 67

gestalt therapy

Front 68

a family of therapies that seek to create an empathetic and accepting therapeutic atmosphere, while challenging the patient to deepen his experience

Back 68

experiential therapies

Front 69

a behavior therapy that aims to remove the anxiety connected to a feared stimulus by gradually conditioning relaxed responses to the stimulus

Back 69

exposure therapy

Front 70

one key step in the behavioral treatment of a phobia in which the patient is gradually exposed to the phobic stimulus

Back 70

in vivo desensitization

Front 71

a behavioral therapy technique based on operant conditioning in which patients' positive behaviors are reinforced with tokens that they can exchange for desirable items

Back 71

token economy

Front 72

a form of behavioral therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences

Back 72

contingency management

Front 73

a form of cognitive therapy associated with Albert Ellis, in which the therapist actively challenges the patient's irrational beliefs

Back 73

rational emotive behavioral therapy

Front 74

an approach to therapy that tries to change some of the patient's habitual modes of thinking about herself, her situation, and her future

Back 74

cognitive therapy

Front 75

a set of cognitive therapy techniques for changing a person's maladaptive beliefs or interpretations through persuasion and confrontation

Back 75

cognitive restructuring

Front 76

a hybrid form of psychotherapy focused on changing the patient's habitual interpretations of the world and ways of behaving

Back 76

cognitive-behavioral approach

Front 77

an approach to treatment that deliberately weaves together multiple types and forms of therapy

Back 77

eclecticism

Front 78

medications that control, or at least moderate the manifestations of some mental disorders

Back 78

psychotropic drugs

Front 79

a movement that began in the 1950s that aimed to provide better, less expensive care for chronically mentally ill patients in their own communities rather than at large centralized hospitals

Back 79

deinstitutionalization

Front 80

medications designed to counteract depression

Back 80

antidepressants

Front 81

medications that treat bipolar disorder, such as lithium

Back 81

mood stabilizers

Front 82

drugs that alleviate the symptoms of anxiety

Back 82

anxiolytics

Front 83

neurosurgery performed to alleviate manifestations of mental disorders that cannot be alleviated using psychotherapy, medication, or other standard treatments

Back 83

psychosurgery

Front 84

a somatic treatment, mostly used for cases of severe depression, in which a brief electric current is passed through the brain to produce a convulsive seizure

Back 84

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Front 85

an emerging biomedical treatment for depression that involves electrically stimulating the vagus nerve with a small battery powered implant

Back 85

vagus nerve stimulation

Front 86

an emerging biomedical treatment for depression and OCD that involves stimulating specific parts of the brain with implanted electrodes

Back 86

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Front 87

an emerging biomedical treatment for depression that involves applying rapid pules of magnetic stimulation to the brain from a coil held near the scalp

Back 87

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Front 88

the relationship between a therapist and patient that helps many patients feel hopeful and supported

Back 88

therapeutic alliance

Front 89

clinical methods that research has shown to be effective for treating a given disorder

Back 89

empirically supported treatments (EST)

Front 90

a prodecure for evaluating the outcome of therapy, usually involving random assignment of participants to one or more treatment groups or a no-treatment control group

Back 90

randomized clinical trial

Front 91

a chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her

Back 91

placebo

Front 92

in randomized clinical trials, a control condition in which patients receive delayed treatment rather than no treatment. before being treated they are compared to patients treated earlier.

Back 92

wait-list control

Front 93

a form of therapy often used in research in which a manual describes a set course of therapy indicating what steps therapists should take what instructions to offer and so on

Back 93

manualized therapy

Front 94

whether a therapeutic intervention works under carefully controlled conditions

Back 94

efficacy

Front 95

whether a therapeutic intervention works under real-world conditions

Back 95

clinical utility

Front 96

a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies on a particular topic, even when the studies used different data collection methods

Back 96

meta-analysis