Psych Ch 16

Front 1

Survival: The Struggle for Resources

Back 1

1. A fundamental task humans are faced with is staying alive when resources are scarce
2. Hurting and helping are two options for addressing this need

Front 2

Aggression

Back 2

Behavior whose purpose us to harm others

Front 3

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Back 3

people aggress when their goals are thwarted

Front 4

Impulsive aggression

Back 4

- spontaneous, unpremeditated aggression
• Testosterone can contribute to this kind of aggressive behavior

Front 5

Cooperation

Back 5

- behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
i. Games such as the prisoner’s dilemma illustrate the benefits of cooperation
ii. Detecting cheating and noncooperation has evolutionary benefits

Front 6

Altruism
i. Behaviors that benefit others may have an evolutionary basis

Back 6

- behavior that benefits another without benefitting oneself
- may gave evolutionary basis

Front 7

Kin Selection

Back 7

process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives

Front 8

Reciprocal altruism

Back 8

: help me now so I will help you later

Front 9

Group

Back 9

a collection of tow or more peopel who believe the have something in common

Front 10

prejudice

Back 10

a positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership

Front 11

discrimination

Back 11

positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership
- ugly outcome of group formation

Front 12

in-group

Back 12

a human category of which a person is a member

Front 13

out-group

Back 13

a human category of which a person is NOT a member

Front 14

in-groups vs out-groups

Back 14

In-groups and out-groups can be formed on the flimsiest of bases
• In-group favoritism and out-group homogeneity can result

Front 15

Deindividuation

Back 15

- a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes poeple to become less aware of their individual values
- can account for the gruesome behavior of groups

Front 16

Social Loafing

Back 16

the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone
- can account for the lazy behavior of groups

Front 17

Bystander Intervention

Back 17

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Front 18

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 18

- the tenedency for individals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by other who are acting the same way
- drives the bystander effect

Front 19

group polarization

Back 19

the tendency for a groups initial leaning to get stronger over time

Front 20

Reproduction: The Quest for Immortality

Back 20

A fundamental task humans are faced with is staying alive long enough to pass on one’s genes

Front 21

Selectivity

Back 21

Women are the choosier sex, given their greater biological investment in reproduction

Front 22

Mere Exposure Effect

Back 22

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Front 23

Physical factors of attraction

Back 23

i. Physically attractive people reap a range of benefits
ii. Cross-culturally, certain evolutionarily-driven features are found to be attractive

Front 24

Psychological factors of attraction

Back 24

Similarity predicts interpersonal attraction

Front 25

Passionate vs Companionate love

Back 25

i. Passionate love: burns bright, fades fast
ii. Companionate love: smolders and lingers

Front 26

Social Exchange

Back 26

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ration of costs to benefits

Front 27

comparison level

Back 27

the cost-benefit ration that people beleive they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Front 28

Equity

Back 28

a state of affairs in whivh the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

Front 29

Social Influence

Back 29

the control of one person's behavior by another

Front 30

Observational Learning

Back 30

learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished

Front 31

The Hedonic Motive: The Power of Pleasure

Back 31

1. Through observational learning, people recognize the effectiveness of rewards and punishment
2. Through overjustification, people can be inured to the value of rewards

Front 32

Normative influence

Back 32

behavior is influenced by the behavior of others, for it provides information about what is appropriate

Front 33

Norm of reciprocity

Back 33

we should benefit those who benefit us

Front 34

Door-in-the-face technique

Back 34

a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior

Front 35

Conformity

Back 35

- doing what others do simply because they’re doing it
- Asch line-judging task is a classic example

Front 36

Obedience

Back 36

doing what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it

Front 37

Informational influence

Back 37

a persons behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true
- Laugh tracks, best-seller lists, recommended products trade on this motive

Front 38

Persuasion

Back 38

: attitudes or beliefs are influenced by communications from others

Front 39

Systematic persuasion

Back 39

: a change in attitude or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason

Front 40

Heuristic persuasion

Back 40

: a change in attitude or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion

Front 41

Foot-in-the-door technique

Back 41

: compliance strategy based on desire for consistency to influence that persons behavior

Front 42

cognitive dissonance

Back 42

an unpleasant state that arises when a person reconizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Front 43

social cognition

Back 43

the processes by which people come to understand others

Front 44

categorization

Back 44

the process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli

Front 45

stereotyping

Back 45

people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

Front 46

perceptual confirmation

Back 46

observers perceive what they expect to perceive

Front 47

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 47

observers bring about what they expect to perceieve

Front 48

Attributions

Back 48

inferences about the causes of a person’s behavior

Front 49

situational attribtions

Back 49

when we decide that a persons behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened

Front 50

dispositional attributions

Back 50

when we decide that a persons behavior was caused by his/her relatively enduring tendency to think,feel, or act in a particualr way

Front 51

the covariation model

Back 51

highlights the importance of consistency, consensus, distinctiveness
- tells us how to use information to make an attirubtion for another persons actions, such as his failure to mow the lawn last week

Front 52

Correspondence bias

Back 52

: we tend to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation

Front 53

Actor-observer effect

Back 53

: we tend to make situational attributions for our own behaviors, but dispositional attributions for the behaviors of others