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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is health psychology?
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-the branch of psych that studies interrelationships between psych factors and health
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what is stress, and what are the major sources of stress?
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-the term stress refers to pressures and demands to adjust or adapt
-the major sources of stress include daily hassles, life changes, frusteration, conflict, type A behavior pattern, traumatic events, and, for immigrant groups, pressures of acculturation |
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how does the body respond to stress?
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stress activates a general pattern of physiological responses, described by Selye as the general adaptation syndrome, or GAS. GAS consists of 3 stages: the alarm reaction, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage
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how does stress affect the immune system?
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persistent or severe stress can impair the functioning of the immune system, leaving us more suceptible to many illnesses, including the common cold
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what psych factors buffer the effects of stress?
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psych buffers against stress include social support, slef-efficacy, perceptions of controllability, and predictability, psych hardiness, and optimism.
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a) give a psych def. of stress
b)@ what point does stress lead to distress? |
a)pressures or demands placed upon an organism to adjust or adapt to its env.
b)when stress reaches a level that taxes our ability to cope effectively |
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-hassles
-life events -conflict -traumatic disorders |
-common annoyances such as traffic jams and balancing work and social demands
-major changes in life circumstances -2 or more competing goals where a choice must be made -potentially life threatening events |
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psych moderators of stress include social support and _____-_____, the belief we hold about our ability to accomplish tasks we set out to perform
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self-efficacy
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the stage of the GAS characterized by the flight-or fight response is the _____ stage
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alarm
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a state of physical and emotional exhaustion often accompanied by a sense of apathy toward one's work and the ppl one serves is called _____
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burnout
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how are psych factors linked to the health of our heart and circulatory system?
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unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, inactivity, and adopting an unhealthy diet and persistent negative emotions such as anger and anxiety, are associated w/ an increased risk of heart disease
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what roles do psych factors p lay in the dev. of cancer?
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smoking and consumption of a high-fat diet, are linked to an increased risk of various forms of cancer
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what roles do psych factors play in other health conditions such as asthma, headaches, and ulcers?
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-psych sources of stress are implicated in many health conditions, including ashtma, ulcers, and headaches
-stress management techniques, such as training in muscle relaxation and biofeedback, are useful in helping ppl w/ asthma and chronic headaches cope w/ these conditions |
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-arterioscloerosis
-myocardial infarction(MI) -plaque -atherosclerosis |
-thicker, harder, and less elastic artery walls
-a heart attack(blood clot blocks blood flow in a coronary artery) -fatty deposits on artery walls -narrowing of vessels carrying blood to the heart |
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a) list some of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease
b)which of these are we able to control? |
a)age,gender,heredity,;ack of physical activity,smoking,obesity,high cholesterol,diabetes,high blood pressure
b)all but the first three can potentially be controlled |
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2 modifiable forms of behavior,____ and diet, account for 2 of 3 cancer deaths
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smoking
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the type of headache that results from changes in blood flow to the brain is the ____ headache
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migraine
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how has the treatment of ppl w/ disturbed behavior changed over time?
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in the late 18th century, a more humane approach to the treatment of mental patients, called "moral therapy" began to gain prominence
-as this movement declined, a state of apathy ensued and the focus shifted from therapy to custodial treatment in large, forbidding state mental institutions -pressures to reform the mental health system in the US led to the creation of a nationwide network of community mental health centers in the 1960's. the community mental health movement shifted the delivery of care from large inpatient facilities to community-based facilities |
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what are community-based mental health centers?
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-treatment facilities that provide a comprehensive range of mental health services and other supportive services to psychiatric patients in the communities in which they reside
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how successful is the policy of deinstitutionalism?
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deinstitutionalism remains a promise not yet fulfilled, as many patients fail to receive the services they need to adjust successfully to the community
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the 18th century Frenchmen Jean-Baptise Pussin and Philippe Pinel adopted a more humane approach to the treatment of mental patients, called ______ therapy
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moral
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the 19th century American reformer who campaigned for more compassionate care of the mentally ill was _______
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Dorothea Dix
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why did moral therapy eventually fall out of favor?
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compassionate care of seriously disturbed ppl was not sufficient to restore them to normalcy
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the policy of ____ greatly reduced the census of state mental hospitals and shifted treatment of ppl w/ severe psych disorders largely to community-based programs
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deinstitutionalization
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what is pyshcotherapy?
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-a verbal form of therapy intended to help ppl overcome psych or personal problems
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what are the major forms of psychotherpay?
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-psychodynamic theory is an insight-oriented approach to therapy based on the Freudian model. the psy. therapist helps clients uncover and work through unconscious conflicts dating from childhood that are believed to be at the root of their problems. traditional psychoanalysts used free association, dream analysis, interpretation, and analysis of the transference relationship to help the client gain insight into underlying conflicts from the past involving sexual and agressive instincts. by contrast, modern psych. approaches tend to be more focused on the workings of the ego than on the role of the id and on the problems in the client's present relationships.
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what are the major forms of psychotherpay?
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-humanistic therapists focus primarily on the client's subjective, conscious experience in the here-and-now. roger's client-centered therapy and perls's gestalt therapy are 2 examples
-bahvior therapy is the systematic application of learning principles to help ppl unlearn maladaptive behaviors and acquire more adaptive behaviors -the techniques of behavior therapy include systematic desensitization, gradual exposure,modeling, aversive conditioning, and methods based on operant conditioning |
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what are the major forms of psychotherpay?
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-cognitive behavioral therapy is a broader form of behavior therapy that incorporates both behavioral and cognitive techniques in treatment.
-cognitive therapies such as rational emotive behavior therapy(REBT) and cognitive therapy focus on modifying the individual's maladaptive thoughts and beliefs that are believed to underlie emotional prob. such as anxiety and depression and self-defeating or maladaptive forms of behavior -in eclectic therapy, the therapist adopts principles or techniques from diff schools of therapy -forms of therapy that extend treatment to more that one ind. @ a time include group therapy, family therapy, and couple therapy |
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is pyschotherapy effective?
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-the answer is yes. meta-analyses show that ppl who participate in psychotherapy are more likely to achieve a good outcome than those who remain untreated.
-there is a continuing debate about whether some forms of therpay are better than others. |
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what cultural factors do therapists need to consider when working w/ members of diverse groups?
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differences in cultural beliefs, customs, values, and linguistic preferences, as well as the therapists' own cultural biases and stereotyping tendencies
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-free association
-insight -resistance -transference relatioship |
-saying whatever comes to mind
-understanding the unconscious origins of a problem -blocking that occurs when emotionally sensitive topics arise -responding to the analyst as a "father figure" |
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name 3 imp qualities shown by an effective client-centered therapist
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unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness
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Jo's theapist trains him to use deep muscle relaxation and helps him construct a fear hierarchy. which behavior therapy technique is this therapist likely to be using?
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systematic desensitization
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the form of therapy that holds that irrational beliefs underlie the dev. of psych problems is ______
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rational emotive behavior therapy
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list 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of group therapy
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-lower cost and the fact that clients can gain experience relating to others and learn from others how to cope w/ problem situations
-lower level of ind. attention and clients' potential fear of revealing very personal matters to other members in the group |
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what are the major types of psychotropic or psychiatric drugs?
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anti-anxiety agents such as valium and xanax, antidepressants such as elavil or prozac and antipsychotics such as thorazine or clozaril
-other drugs such as lithium and ritalin are used to treat specific disorders |
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what are the adv. and dis. of psychiatric drugs?
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-can help relieve or control symptoms of many psych disorders, including enxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia
-the occurence of troubling side effects, high relapse rates following discontinuance and in some cases, possible chemical dependence |
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what is ECT and how is it used?
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ECT(electroconvulsive therapy) involves the administration of brief pulses of electricity to the brain. it is used to treat sever depression, especially in cases that do not respond to other treatments
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the most widely used biomedical form of therapy is...
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drug therapy
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-the drugs valium and xanax are examples of ____ drugs
-childhood hyperactivity is typically treated by the use of _____ |
-antianxiety
-a stimulant drug |
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ECT is often used....
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only as a treatment of last resort in cases of severe depression
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what criteria are used to determine whether behavior is abnormal?
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unusualness, social deviance, emotional distress, maladaptive behavior, dangerousness, and faulty perceptions of interpretations of reality
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what are the major models of abnormal behavior?
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medical,psychological,sociocultural, and biopsychosocial (integrative) models
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what are psych disorders?
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aka mental disorders, are disturbances in behavior, thought processes, or emotions that are associated w/ sig. personal distress or impaired functioning. about one person in 2 in the US develops a diagnosable psych disorder at some point in life
-the DSM(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorers) is the American psychatric Association's diagnostic manual for classifying mental disorders |
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list the 6 criteria for defining abnormal behavior discussed in the text
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unusualness,social deviance,emotional distress,maladaptive behavior,dangerousness,faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
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____ are distorted perceptions of reality; _____ are fixed but unfounded beliefs
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hallucinations, delusions
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the explanation for abnormal behavior during much of the history of western civilization was...
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possession by demons or supernatural forces
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-psychodynamic
-behavioral -humanistic -cognitive |
-unresolved unconscious conflicts dating from childhood
-learned patterns of beahvior -distorted self image, loss of sense of true self -faulty styles of thinking, exaggeration of negative aspects of events |
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the ______ model is a leading example of the biopsychosocial model
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diathesis-stress
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what are anxiety disorders?
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they are characterized by excessive or inappropriate anxiety reactions and include phobias, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, and posttraumatic stress disorder
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what causal factors are implicated in anxiety disorders?
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these include psych factors such as prior learning experiences and thinking patterns, and biological factors, such as genetic influences, imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain, and underlying brain abnormalities
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an intense anxiety reaction in which ppl may think they are suffering a hear attack is called a ______ attack
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panic
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acrophobia and claustrophobia are 2 examples of _____ phobia
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specific
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-specific phobia
-panic disorder -generalized anxiety disorder -OCD |
-irrational, extreme fear of a particular object or situation
-sudden onset;intense fear and dread -excessive, persistent worry -repeated, uncontrollable thoughts or behaviors |
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what are dissociative disorders and somatofrom disorders?
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-involve disturbances in memory, consciousness, or identity that affect the ability to maintain an integrated sense of self. they include: dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia
ppl w/ somatoform disorders either exaggerate the meaning of physical complaints (hypochondrias) or have physical complaints that cannot be accounted for by underlying medical or organic causes (conversion disorder) |
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what causal factors are implicated in dissociative and somatoform disorders?
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-exposure to childhood abuse figures prominently in the backgrounds of ppl w/ dissociative identity disorder, leading theorists to believe the disorder may represent a psychological defense that protects the self from troubling memories or feelings
-freud believed that conversion disorder rep. the transformation of inner psych conflicts into physical symptoms. learning theorists focus on the anxiety-reducing roles of somatoform symptoms, while cognitive theorists focus on underlying cognitive biases. |
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another term often used to describe dissociative indentity disorder is....
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-multiple personality
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-dissociative amnesia...
-dissoaciative identity disorder is stronly linked to a history of severe childhood _____ and may represent a form of psych. _____against unbearable trauma |
-has no apparent neurological cause
-abuse, defense |
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which of the following is NOT correct? conversion disorder...
a)is classified as one of the somatoform disorders b)was known as hysteria in earlier times c)involves loss of a physical function d)is caused by underlying physical problems |
d
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what are mood disorders?
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disturbances in mood that are unusually severe or prolonged. the 2 major types of mood disorder are depressive(unipolar) disorders and bipolar(mood swing) disorders
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what causal factors are implicated in mood disorders?
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genetic factors, heredity, biochemical imbalances in neurotransmitter activity in the brain, self-directed anger, changes in reinforcement patterns, and dysfunctional thinking
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a depressive disorder characterized by lingering states of mild depression is _____ disorder
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dysthymic
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what factors many explain the greater prevalence of depression in women than in men?
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women appear to be exposed to greater stress and are more likely to ruminate or dwell on their problems
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using an MRI scanner, scientists were able to find diff. in levels of brain chemicals between ______ patients and normal controls
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bipolar
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suicide is closely linked to depression and deep feelings of ____ and _____
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hopelessness, helplessness
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what is schizophrenia?
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a psychotic disorder, meaning that it is characterized by a break w/ reality. gross confusion, delusions, and hallucinations may be present in ind. w/ this disorder
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what are 3 specific types of schizophrenia?
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the disorganized type, the catatonic type, and the paranoid type. the paraniod type is the most common
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what causal factors are implicated in schizophrenia?
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suspected causes inlcude biological factors such as a genetic predisposition, disturbed neurotransmitter activity in the brain, brain abnormalities and life stress
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what is the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia?
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refers to the belief that schizophrenia arises from an interaction of a genetic predisposition and stressful life experiences
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-regarding schizophrenia, which of the following is NOT true?
-about how many ppl will develop schizophrenia if they have an identical (MZ) twin w/ this disorder? |
-schizophrenia is much more prevalent in our own culture than in other cultures throughout the world
-45 to 50 percent |
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-scientists believe that abnormalities involving the neurotransmitter _____are closely linked to the dev. of schizophrenia
-catatonic sch. -paraniod sch. -disorganized sch. -hallucinations |
-dopamine
-holding a fixed posture for hourse -the most common type of schz. -confused behavior, incoherent speech, neglect of personal hygiene -perceiving things that are not really there |
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what are personality disorders?
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deeply ingrained patterns of behavior that become maladaptive because they either cause personal distress or impair the person's ability to relate to others
-personality disorders include narcissistic personality disorder, paraniod personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, BPD, and antisocial personality disorder |
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what characteristics are associated w/ antisocial personality disorder?
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impulsivity,irresponsibility,acallous disregard for the rights and feelings of others, and antisocial behavior
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what causal factors are implicated in antisocial personality disorder?
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env. factors such as a family env. characterized by a lack of parental warmth, neglect, rejection, and use of harsh punishment, and biological factors such as a genetic predispostion, abnormalities in higher brain centers that control impulsive behavior and a greater need for stimulation
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whar are some of the characteristics of inv. w/ personality disorders?
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excessivley rigid patterns of behavior, difficulty adjusting to external demands and relating to other ppl
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investigators find that ppl w/ antisocial personality disorder are more likely than others to have damge in which part of the brain?
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frontal lobes
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-paranoid personality disorder
-schizoid PD -narcissistic PD -BPD |
-extreme suspiciousness and distrust of others
-distant, aloof, limited emotional and social interaction -inflated, grandiose sense of self -stormy interpersonal relationships, unstable self image |
