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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medical Model
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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures
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DSM-IV-TR
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– classification system used for diagnosis of recognized mental disorders and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similiar problems
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Key elements for a cluster of symptoms to qualify as a potential disorder; defining normality
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a. Disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotion
b. Personal distress or impairment c. Internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both) |
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Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale
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a 0 to 100 rating of the person, with more sever disorders indicated by lower numbers and more effective functioning by higher numbers
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Classification of Psychological Disorders
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1. Early versions of DSM were unreliable
2. 17 main categories of mental disorders in DSM-IV-TR |
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Comorbidity
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– co-occurrence of two or more disorders in one person
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Diathesis-stress model
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suggests that a person my be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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Intervention-causation fallacy
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the assumption that if a patient responds favorably to drugs, the disorder is biological
- if the patient responds favorably to psychotherapy, the disorder psychological |
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Consequences of Labeling
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Stigma prevents people from seeking treatment (~70%)
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry and Symptoms (3 or more): restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
- Treated with benzodiazepines (increase GABA) |
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Phobic Disorders
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Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
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Specific Phobia
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involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function.
- Five categories: animals, natural environments, situations (blood, injections, injury), other phobias (illness, death) |
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Social Phobia
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– irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
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Preparedness Theory
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– people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
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Panic Disorder
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sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
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Agoraphobia
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– extreme fear of venturing out into public places (often for fear of having a panic attack)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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- Symptoms: repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) that are intended to fend off those thoughts; result in significant interference into person’s ability to function
- Increased serotonin inhibits the caudate nucleus and reduces symptoms of OCD |
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Dissociative Disorder
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normal cognitive processes are severly disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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- the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individuals behavior.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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- the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
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Dissociative Fugue
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sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
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Major depressive disorder
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Symptoms: severely depressed mood (> 2 weeks) with feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, sleep and appetite disturbances
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Dysthymia
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– similar to major depression but less severe and lasting for at least 2 years
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Double depression
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– moderately depressed for at least 2 years, punctuated with severe depression
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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
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Helplessness theory
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individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread).
- Negative thinking and interpretation |
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Bipolar Disorder
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- Symptoms: unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
- Rapid cycling - Extremely high heritability (~80% monozygotic twins) - Lithium reduces symptoms - Episodes triggered by stressful events |
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Schizophrenia
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- profound disruption of psychological processes; distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
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Delusion
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- a false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
- symptom of Schizophrenia |
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Hallucination
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- a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external simulation
- symptom of Schizophrenia |
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Disorganized Speech
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- sever disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another related topic
- symptom of Schizophrenia |
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Grossly Disorganized Behavior
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- behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
- symptom of Schizophrenia |
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Catatonic Behavior
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- a marked disease in movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
- symptom of Schizophrenia |
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Negative Symptoms Schizophrenia
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- emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion.
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Types of Schizophrenia
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a. Paranoid
b. Catatonic c. Disorganized d. Undifferentiated e. Residual |
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Genetic Factors of Schizophrenia
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a. High heritability (~50% monozygotic twins)
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Prenatal and Perinatal Factors of Schizophrenia
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Virus or influenza in second trimester increases risk
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Biochemical Factors of Schizophrenia
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Dopamine hypothesis (too much = positive symptoms)
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Biochemical Factors
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a. Enlarged ventricles
b. Progression of “pruning” starting in parietal lobe |
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Expressed emotion
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- emotional overinvolvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the patient by his or her family
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Personality Disorder
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Disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to other or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
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Types of Personality Disorders (clusters)
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1. Odd/Eccentric Cluster
2. Dramatic/Erratic Cluster 3. Anxious/Inhibited Cluster |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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- persuasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- Usually starts with conduct disorder in adolescence and continues into adulthood - Sociopath and psychopath (coldhearted and ruthless while still glib and charming) - Less active hippocampus and amygdala |
