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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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individuals charactersitc style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
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Self-Report
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– answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate how well a statement describes their behavior or mental state
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MMPI
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– questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
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Projective Techniques
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– series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of a personality
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Rorschach inkblot Test
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- personality test where indiv interpretations of inkblots are analyzed to identify inner feelings and personality structure
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Thematic Apperception Test
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– people make up stories about pictures to reveal motives, concerns, and view of the social world
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Eysenck
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– two trait dimensions – neurotic (emotional) or stable, introverted or extroverted, introverts are more sensitive to stimuli (lemon drop test)
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Big Five
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best personality test out there
OCEAN: Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Negative emotionality |
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Phineas Gage
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– iron rod through orbitofrontal region of prefrontal cortex, lost social appropriateness and conscientiousness
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Psychodynamic Approach
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– Freud’s approach that personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness; motives that can also produce emotional disorders
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Dynamic Unconscious
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– an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces
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ID
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– part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; source of bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses – esp sexual and aggressive drives
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Pleasure Principle
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– psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse
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Ego
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– component of personality developed through contact with the outside world that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands
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Reality Principle
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– regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world
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Superego
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– mental system that reflects internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise authority
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Defense Mechanisms
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– unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses when repression fails
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Reaction Formation
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– unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
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Projection
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– defense mechanism attributing one’s own threatening feelings to another person or group
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Regression
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– defense mechanism where ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to immature behavior or earlier stage of development
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displacement
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- A defense mechanism that shifts unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening force
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identification
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- A defense mechanism taht helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristic of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
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Sublimation
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- A defense mechanism of channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
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Psychosexual Stages
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– distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
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Fixation
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– phenomenon where persons pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck at a particular psychosexual stage
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Oral Stage
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– 1st psychosexual stage focused on pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed – talkative, dependent, addictive, needy
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anal stage
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– 2nd psychosexual stage focused on pleasures and frustrations associated with anus, retention, adn expulsion of feces, urine, and toilet training
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Phallic Stage
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– 3rd psychosexual stage focused on pleasure, conflict, and frustration 3rd psychosexual stageasociated with the phalllic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
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Latency Stage
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– 4th psychosexual stageprimary focus is development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
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Genital Stage
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– last psychosexual stage, a coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying manner
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Oedipus Conflict
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developmental experience in which child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
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– human motive toward realizing our inner potential
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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– attitude of non-judgmental acceptance toward another person
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Existential Approach
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– personality is governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
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Social Cognitive Approach
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– views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
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Person-Situation Controversy
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– is behavior caused more by personality or situational factors?
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Personal Constructs
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Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
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Locus of Control
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– a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
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Self-Concept
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– a person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, or other personal characteristics, includes self-narratives (behavior) and self-schemas (traits), activates medial prefrontal cortex
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Self-Verification
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– the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
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Self-Esteem
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– the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
- high self-esteem = same status and respect that dominant make gorillas enjoy |
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Self-Serving Bias
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– people tend to take credit for successes and downplay responsibility for their failures
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Narcissism
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– grandiose view of self and tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others
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Reactive Interaction
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– different people exposed to same environment experience, interpret, and react to it differently
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Evocative Interaction
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– everyone evokes distinctive responses from others
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Proactive Interaction
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– children can move beyond their parents’ environments as they get older
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Dunedin
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– study that determined children’s temperaments at age 3, then interviewed them often and tracked progress
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Seeking Motive
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– failure to change
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Escape Motive
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– change is good
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Somatotypes
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– body types that determine personality
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traits
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thought to arise from neuropsychological facters like the arousability of the cortex
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The origins of personality
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Friendly?
Helpful to others? Confident and assertive? Intellectually curious? Careful and reliable? |
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Ted Bundy
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Murdered between 30 and 100 women starting when he was in his teens or twenties; executed in 1989
-Facts of life give some clues about personality - Very high genetic load of one person – mother is sister and father is grandfather |
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Jeffery Dahmer
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cannibalistic practices; serial killer
judged personality on video before knew who it was → thought he was boring seems like he was a very normal kid and has a normal upbringing age 9 he walks around looking for road kill = not normal Can see aspects of personality from small bits of video |
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Heritability
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large component of personality; Share this with twin
- Twins separated at birth; Didn’t meet until they were 30; Both were editors of newspaper and went to film school, etc |
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Traits and states
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STATES ARE TO TRAITS AS WEATHER IS TO CLIMATE
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Galen’s Humour
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– thought there were 4 types of people in the world: Melancholic, Choleric, Phlegmatic, Sanguine, and all people could be classified by these types
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The Myers-Briggs Assessment
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– gives you 4 letter acronym. Can use this to help find compatibles mate, etc.
Not terribly reliable; people who retake this take usually score completely different Always happy to believe anything about our self as completely accurate |
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The Barnum effect
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– says that all these tests aren’t conclusive and cant predict anything
- horoscopes - ex: movie all personal readings were exactly the same yet each person said it was about 80 - 90% accurate for their personality |
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Dimensions vs types
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Can be anywhere along each dimension
Can get much more accurate measurements if think in terms of actual dimensions There are dimensions of personality – 5 orthogonal dimensions |
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Openness
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describes a person’s orientation toward novelty, change, and uncertainty
- preserver vs explorer |
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Conscientiousness
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describes the extent to which a person is focused, organized, and persistent in the pursuit of his/her goals
- flexible vs focused |
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Extraversion
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describes a person’s level of arousal and preference for stimulation
- Introvert vs extravert |
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Agreeableness
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describes a person’s orientation toward and style of interacting with others
- challenger vs adapter |
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Negative emotionality
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describes a person’s propensity to experience negative emotions
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RELIABILITY
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: the degree to which an instrument
measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition - strength of 5 factor test |
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VALIDITY
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the strength of the conclusions, inferences or propositions we can draw from the results of our measurements.
- strength of 5 factor test |
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extraverts
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Extraverts have low chronic arousal and have a low baseline arousal in their brain, so need more stimulation than others to get to that middle spot
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Weaknesses of the five-factor inventory: Loss of specificity
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there are the big 5, but there are also a lot more specific traits out there to classify personalit
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Weaknesses of the five-factor inventory: Reliance on Self-Report
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assumes we know a lot about ourselves, thoughts, and past actions and that we can accurately describe these things
1977 study; female shopping and has to chose a preference between four pairs of panty hoes. All pairs are the same but all women uniformly chose the last pair. Why did they all chose the last pair? Because people tend to move left to right…entirely a position effect |
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Self Perception Biases
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– better at predicting what your friend is going to do than what you are going to do yourself
We like to think positive things about ourselves, even if they aren’t accurate |
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weaknesses of the five factor inventory: The Role of the Situation
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we are all individuals and different yet situations can be incredibly powerful and can dominate over personality
ex: all students stand up → we all stand up because we were told to by prof People treated alike still differ |
