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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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characteristics, emotional responses, thoughts and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across circumstances
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personality trait
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a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
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psychodynamic theory
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Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior
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psychosexual age
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according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal ugres
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id
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in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the consciousness and operates according to the pleasure principle
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superego
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in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct
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ego
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in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego
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defense mechanisms
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inconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress
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humanistic approach
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approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems, and propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential
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personality types
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discrete categories based on global personality characteristics
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trait approach
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an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions
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five-factor theory
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the idea that personality can be described using five traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
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cognitive-social theories of personality
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emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality
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self-efficacy
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the extent to which people believe they can achieve specific outcomes
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idiographic approaches
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person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons
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psychobiography
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uses personal life stories to develop and test theories about human personality
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homenthetic approaches
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approaches to studying personality that focus on characteristics that are common to all people, although there is individual variation
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projective measures
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personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
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TAT (thematic apperception test)
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a projective measure of personality where a person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about the picture
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objective measures
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relatively unbiased assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings
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situationism
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the theory that behavior is determined as much by situations as by personality traits
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self-monitoring
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a trait in which some people are highly sensitive to cues of situational appropriateness
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interactionists
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theorists who believe that behavior is jointly determined by underlying dispositions and situations
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temperaments
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biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways
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Behavioral approach system (BAS)
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the brain system involed in the pursuit of incentives or rewards
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behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
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the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain
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basic tendencies
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dispositional traits that are determined to a great extent by biological processes
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characteristic adaptations
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the adjustments people make to situational demands, which tend to be consistent because they are based on skills, habits, roles and so forth
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quantum change
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a transformation of personality that is sudden, profound and enduring, and that affects a wide range of behaviors
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