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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multidimensional Scaling
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– emotion map
- found by asking people to rate the similarity of dozens of emotional experiences |
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Valence
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– physiological changes based on how positive or negative an emotion is
- amygdala, insula,Nucleus Accumbens |
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Amygdala
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– information from the thalamus is evaluated very quickly (i.e. good or bad emotions)
- fear - ex: seen through facial expressions |
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insula
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-plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience and produces an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience
- disgust |
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Arousal
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– how active or passive an emotion is
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Nucleus Accumbens
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is a collection of neurons within the forebrain. It is thought to play an important role in reward, laughter, PLEASURE, addiction, fear, and the placebo effect.
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Emotion
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– a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
- physiological arousal - valence |
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James-Lange Theory
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–relationship between emotional experience and physiological
- activity suggesting that stimuli trigger activity in autonomic nervous system, which PRODUCES an emotional response in the brain |
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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–relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity
- suggesting that stimuli simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain |
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Two-Factor Theory
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– stimulus causes undifferentiated physiological arousal
- individual makes an inference about the cause of the arousal through emotion |
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Cortex
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– information from the thalamus goes through here and is processed before it goes to the amygdala
- used to inhibit emotions |
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Appraisal
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An evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala
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Emotion Regulation
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The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
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Reappraisal
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– changing ones emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
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Universality Hypothesis
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– Darwin’s hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
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Signs vs Symbols
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– facial expressions are signs, not symbols because they are caused by the things they signify
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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– emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
- ex: holding pen in teeth makes you smile vs holding pen in lips |
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Display Rules
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- cultural rules governing how and when emotions are displayed
- intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing - gender differences |
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Prosopagnosia
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Capgras Syndrome = people think their family members are aliens
- think they are imposters |
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Capgras Syndrme
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- david gets in car accident
- believed parents were imposters and house was imitation of home - messages dont get to amygdala so he doesnt experience emotions - crazy in person but not on the phone b/c auditory path way wasnt damaged |
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Hedonic Principle
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– all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
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Homeostasis
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– the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
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Drive
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– an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality
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Hypothalamus
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– regulates hunger by receiving signals
- lateral hypothalamus = when destroyed animal sitting in cage full of food will starve to death - ventromedial hypothalamus = receives anorexigenic signals |
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Human Sexual Response Cycle
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The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
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Extrinsic Motivation
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– motivation to take actions that lead to rewards
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Intrinsic Motivation
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– motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
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Need For Achievement
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– motivation to solve worthwhile problems
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Approach Motivation
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– motivation to experience a positive outcome
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Avoidance Motivation
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– motivation not to experience negative outcomes
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Somatic Markers
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– gut feelings
– bodily reactions arising from emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences |
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Damage to frontal lobes
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lobes – people tend NOT to use past outcomes to regulate future behavior
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Serotonin
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– mood and depression
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Dopamine
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– pleasure and reward
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Emotional Speeds processing
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– name ink color of a word
– words which are emotionally arousing more difficult to name ink color of - 3 seconds = very postive/negative 0 seconds = netural |
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Functions of Emotion
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- Change our cognitive focus
- Positive emotions: Expand focus (gist memory, big picture) - Negative emotions: Narrow focus (details, situation at hand) - Influence our decisions, reasoning - Speed our thinking |
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Iowa Gambling Task
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-participants given 4 decks of cards
- Most are good Some are penalty cards -Try to minimize losses and maximize winnings -healthy participants show a "stress" reaction to hovering over the bad decks after only 10 trials, long before conscious sensation that the decks are bad. |
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Attentional blink
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– when two words are presented closely together second is more easily remembered if it is emotional
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Emotion Regulation
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- The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
Amygdala = threat detection orbitifrontal/ventromedial prefrontal = control |
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Modern Day Phineas Gage
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- Tumor made him act the way he did, and when it was removed he went back to normal. started acting weird then found out tumor came back.
- child pornography and sex offender |
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Emotion and Motivation
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Emotion is the hedonic compass, motivation is the steering wheel
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Key Ideas of Emotion
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- defines good and bad
- Emotion is the hedonic compass, motivation is the steering wheel - gives us both useful and useless advice - It is important to know when to control our immediate emotional urges in favor of long term gains. |
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Functions of Emotion
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Communicate our intent to others
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Baron-Cohen Eyes Task
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- For each pair of eyes, choose which word best describes what the person in the picture is thinking or feeling.
- concerned, unconcerned, serious, playful |
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Explicit Recognition
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- Verbal response
- Capgras ✔ - Prosopagnosia ✗ |
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Implicit Recognition:
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- Emotional response
- Capgras ✗ - Prosopagnosia ✔ |
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Emotional Recognition: The Face
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- cultural accents: Japanese Natls vs Japanese-Americans
- occurs when showing emotion, not when neutral |
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Motivation
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- we are motivated by emotions indirectly by providing information about the world (i.e. telling us how likely we are to succeed based on how happy we are)
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Motivational states
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- Energizing = activate or arouse behavior; cause animals to do something
- Directive = guide behaviors toward satisfying specific goals or needs - Persistent = help people continue behavior until goals are achieved - Strength = motives differ in strength depending on internal or external factors |
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Need hierarchy
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– Maslow’s arrangement of needs, basic survival needs are lowest and personal growth needs are highest in terms of ultimate priority
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Self-actualization
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– a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
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Self-perception
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– people are seldom aware of their specific motives and draw inferences about their motivation on the basis of what seems to make the most sense
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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facial expressions trigger the experiece of emotions
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Deception Detection
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Intuitive theories of what a liar looks and acts like….
• Eyes Shifty? Looks away vs.Looks you straight in the eye? - Federal polygraphers: 56% detection = chance |
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Microexpressions
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–interview with Paul Ekman
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Beating a polygraph
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-Control questions: Most people will lie/feel uneasy about; E.g. “Have you ever stolen anything?”
- Relevant questions: Did you steal $16,000 from the company account?” -Pass = Control response > Relevant response |
