Psych Ch 1 And 4

Front 1

psychology

Back 1

the science of behavior and mental pocesses

Front 2

biological pespective

Back 2

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other physioogical mechaisms produce bhavior and mental processes

Front 3

cognitive perspective

Back 3

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact behavior

Front 4

behavioral perspective

Back 4

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior

Front 5

sociocultural perspective

Back 5

a research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how other people and the cultural context impact behavior and mental processes

Front 6

hindsight bias

Back 6

i knew it all along phenomenon

Front 7

descriptive methods

Back 7

research methods whose main purpose is to provde detailed and objective descriptions of behavior an mental processes

Front 8

naturalistic observation

Back 8

a descriptive research method in which the behavior of interest is observed in its natural environment, and the researher doesnt intervene in the behavior being observed

Front 9

participant observation

Back 9

a descriptive research method in which the observer becomes part of the group being observed

Front 10

case study

Back 10

a descriptive research method in which the researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time

Front 11

reification

Back 11

using an explanation that is based solely off of an observation

Front 12

independent variable

Back 12

variable manipulated by the experimenter (causal factor)

Front 13

dependent variable

Back 13

variable measured by the experimenter (changes as a result of the IV)

Front 14

confounding

Back 14

correlated with IV, often prevents clear interpretation of results in terms of effect of the IV

Front 15

internal validity

Back 15

extent to which changes in the DV can confidently be attributed to changes in the IV (reliability)

Front 16

external validity

Back 16

extent to which the outcomes of a study can generalize to a broader (or different) set of circumstances (generality)

Front 17

descriptive research

Back 17

seeks to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior. case studies, survey research, direct observation

Front 18

correlational research

Back 18

measure 2 or more dependent variables and the relationship btwn the categories

Front 19

directionality problem

Back 19

correlational research doesnt describe temporal order of events

Front 20

3rd variable problem

Back 20

other unmeasured variables could be responsible for observed relationship

Front 21

random sampling

Back 21

used in group designs; selecting participants from the population, removing any known biases

Front 22

random/matched assignment

Back 22

subjects selected from the sample and assigned groups, attempts to equalize subject characteristics across groups

Front 23

experimental group

Back 23

subjects receive one level of the active IV, subjected to variable

Front 24

control group

Back 24

subjects are not subjected to any manipuation of any kind

Front 25

placebo group

Back 25

subjects recieve all but the acive constituents of the IV

Front 26

double-blind procedure

Back 26

both experimenters and subjects are unaware of experimenal condition of subject or goals of research

Front 27

reflex

Back 27

a fundamental behavioral unit, specifies a stimulus-response pair of the respondent nature; stimulus elicits the response

Front 28

unconditional stimulus

Back 28

stimulus that elicits the reflexive response and requires no prior training

Front 29

unconditional response

Back 29

response elicited by US

Front 30

pairing

Back 30

procedure of presenting 2 or more stimuli simultaneously

Front 31

conditional stimulus

Back 31

previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditoned response after a history of pairing with the US

Front 32

conditional response

Back 32

response elicited by CS after a history of CS-US pairing

Front 33

delayed conditioning

Back 33

offset of the CS is delayed until after the US is presented such that the stimuli presentation overlaps

Front 34

trace conditioning

Back 34

offset of the CS precedes onset of the US such that the presentation of the 2 stimuli is not simultaneous

Front 35

acquisition (classical)

Back 35

CS-US pairings, increase in CR with pairings

Front 36

extinction (classical)

Back 36

CS alone, decrease of CR

Front 37

spontaneous recovery (classical)

Back 37

take a break from situation, CS alone, response is still elicited

Front 38

stimulus generalization

Back 38

elicitation of CR by stimuli similar to CS, spread of control to other similar stimuli

Front 39

stimulus discrimination

Back 39

elicitation of the CR onl by stimuli very similar to CS; narrowing of control to training stimuli

Front 40

Who wrote the law of effect?

Back 40

Thorndike

Front 41

acquisition(operant)

Back 41

the strengthening of a reinforced operant response

Front 42

extinction (operant)

Back 42

the diminishing of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced

Front 43

spontaneous recovery (operant)

Back 43

the temporary recovery of the operant response following a break during extinction training

Front 44

discrimintive stimulus (SD)

Back 44

stimulus that has to be present for the response to be reinforced

Front 45

discrimination (operant)

Back 45

process during which responding occurs only in the pesence of the SD, narrowing of control

Front 46

generalization (operant)

Back 46

responding occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the SD

Front 47

continuous reinforcement

Back 47

every response produces the arranged consequence

Front 48

intermittent reinforcement

Back 48

responses occasionally produce the arranged consequences

Front 49

schedule of reinforcement

Back 49

If-then statement specifying a contigency that must be met for the consequence to be produced

Front 50

fixed ratio schedule

Back 50

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses is made

Front 51

variable ratio schedule

Back 51

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials

Front 52

fixed interval schedule

Back 52

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elapsed

Front 53

variable interval schedule

Back 53

a partial shedule of reinforcement in which the time that much elapse on each trial before a response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials

Front 54

positive reinforcment

Back 54

reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented

Front 55

positive punishment

Back 55

punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented

Front 56

negative reinforcement

Back 56

reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed

Front 57

negative punishment

Back 57

punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed

Front 58

primary reinforcer

Back 58

innately reinforces-food, social contact, sex, warmth

Front 59

secondary reinforcer

Back 59

gains reinforcing function thru history of pairing with primary reinforcers (money, good grades)

Front 60

Premack's principle

Back 60

theory that says reinforcement is a contingency btwn 2 types of behavior, reinforcers consist of an opportunity to engage in an activity (eating) rather than a stimulus (food)

Front 61

specificity of conditioning

Back 61

some stimuli are more readily conditioned than others

Front 62

one-trial learning

Back 62

strong CRs can be elicited after one trial, suggests an adaptative mehanism

Front 63

instictive drift

Back 63

the tendency of innate, intinctual responses to displaced learned operant responses