Psych-Ch 1

Front 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Back 1

psychology

Front 2

an approach to knowledge that relies on collecting data, generating a theory to explain the data, producing testable hypotheses based on the theory, adn testing those hyptheses empirically

Back 2

the scientific method

Front 3

systematic explanation of a phenomenon; it organizes known facts, allows, us to predict, new facts, and permits us to exercise a degree of control over the phenomenon

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theory

Front 4

specific, testable predictions derived from a theory

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hypotheses

Front 5

a theory or body of knowledge that portrays itself as a science but is not based on empirical observation or is inconsistent with broader scientific theory

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pseudoscience

Front 6

-Wundt and Titchner
-school of psychology that stresses the basic units of experience and the combinations in which they occur

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structuralism

Front 7

-James
- theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its enviroment

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functionalist theory

Front 8

-Freud
- personality theories that behavior results from psychological dynamics that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness

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psychodynamic theories

Front 9

-Watson
-school of psychology that studies only observable and measureable behavior
*skinner- added reinforcement

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behaviorism

Front 10

school of psychology that studies how people percievev and experience objects as whole patterns

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gestalt psychology

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school of psychology that focusses on the meaningless and alienation on modern life, and how these factors lead to apathy and psychological problems

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existential psychology

Front 12

school of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one's full human potential

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humanistic psychology

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school of psycholgy devoted to the study of mental processes in the brodest sense

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cognitive psychology

Front 14

an approach to, and subfied of, psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value, and the purposes they continue to serve

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evolutionary psychology

Front 15

th psychological and social meanings attached to being biolically male or female

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gender

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general beliefs about characteristics that are presumed to be typical by each sex

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gender stereotypes

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behaviors that we expect each gender to engage in

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gender roles

Front 18

the tangible goods and values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that are passed from one generation to another

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culture

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a subpopulation of a species, defined according to a identifiable characteristic

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race

Front 20

a common cultural heritage, including religion, language, and/or ancestry, that is shared by a group of individuals

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ethnicity

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that aspect of an individual self-concept that is based on his or her awareness of being a member of a particular ethnic group

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ethnic identity

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...offer a wide variety of views on the social roles of women and men, the problems and rewards of those roles, and perceptions for changing those roles

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feminist theory

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refers to the direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same sex, the other sex, and both sexes

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sexual orientation

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research method involving the systematic study of animal or human behavior in natural setting rather than in the laboratory

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naturalistic observation

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expectations or biases of the observer that might distort or influence his or her interpretation of what was actually observed

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observer bias

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intensive desciption and analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals

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case study

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research technique in which questionnares or interviews are administeredto a selected group of people

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survey research

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research technique based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables

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correlational

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a research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates selected events or circumstances and then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior

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experimental method

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individuals whose reactions or responses are observed in a experiment

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subjects/participants

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in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated to test its effects on the other

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independent variable

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in an experiment, the variable that is measured to see how it is changes by manipulations

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dependent variable

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in a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable

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experimental group

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in a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable

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control group

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expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or its interpretation

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experimental bias

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selection of cases from a larger population

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sample

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sample in which each potential participant had a equal chance of being selected

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random sample

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sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the participants correspond closely to the characteristics of the larger population

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representative sample