Psych Ch. 1, 13

Front 1

view that knowledge originates through experience

Back 1

empiricism

Front 2

process for conducting an objective inquiry through data collection and analysis

Back 2

scientific method

Front 3

belief that the mind does not cease to exist when the body dies, and that thoughts and ideas can exist separately from the body

Back 3

dualism

Front 4

school of psychology concerned with the individual elements of consciousness and sowing how they can be combined and integrated

Back 4

structuralism

Front 5

school of psych. focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment

Back 5

functionalism

Front 6

"father of psychology", incorporated objectivity and measurement into the field of psych.

Back 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 7

Edward Titchener

Back 7

structuralism, one of Wundt's students

Front 8

William James

Back 8

functionalism, influenced by Darwin and evolution, speculated that thinking dev. becasue it was adaptive

Front 9

school of psych. centered around the belief that people naturally seek out patterns, or wholes, in the sensory info. available to them

Back 9

gestalt psychology

Front 10

approach to psychology based on the belief that behaviors are motivated by internal factors unavailable to the conscious mind

Back 10

psychodynamic approach

Front 11

approach to psych. that concentrates on observable behavior that can be directly measured and recorded

Back 11

behavioral approach

Front 12

aproach to psych. based on the belief that people have free will and are able to control their own destinies

Back 12

humanistic approach

Front 13

field of psych. focused on the workings of the human brain and seeking to understand how people process info. they collect from env.

Back 13

cognitive psychology

Front 14

approach to psychology that explores ways in which patterns of human behavior may be beneficial to people's survival

Back 14

evolutionary approach

Front 15

various ways that psychologists can look at a psych. issue, such as from the level of the brain, level of person, or level of world

Back 15

levels of analysis

Front 16

describes inherited characteristics that influence personality, physical growth, etc...

Back 16

nature

Front 17

describes environmental factors such as parental styles, physical surroundings, and economic issues

Back 17

nurture

Front 18

theory that states that organisms best adapted to their env. tend to survive...

Back 18

natural selection

Front 19

field of psychology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of people with specific mental or behavioral problems

Back 19

clinical psych.

Front 20

psych. who usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing adm. tasks, and doing research

Back 20

academic psych.

Front 21

refers to the use of psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems

Back 21

applied psych.

Front 22

style in which a person interacts with the world, particularly other people

Back 22

personality

Front 23

method of interpreting personality data that is person-centered and focuses on how the unique parts of a person's personality form a consistent whole

Back 23

idiographic approach

Front 24

method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individual's traits

Back 24

nomothetic approach

Front 25

a person's relatively stable disposition to behave a certain way

Back 25

trait

Front 26

person's transient disposition to behave in a certain way

Back 26

state

Front 27

states that a set of meaningful and distinct personality dimensions can be used to describe how people differ from one another

Back 27

trait theory

Front 28

statistical technique that is used to identify patterns of correlations in responses to questionnaires

Back 28

factory analysis

Front 29

part of the brain that controls arousal

Back 29

reticular formation

Front 30

part of the brain that activates approach behavior in response to the anticipation of a reward

Back 30

Behavioral activation system (BAS)

Front 31

part of the brain that inhibits approach behavior in respons to the anticipation of a punishment

Back 31

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Front 32

model that is used to describe personality by assessing a person's score on each of the five dimensions

Back 32

Five factor model ("Big Five" theory)

Front 33

long, scientifically rigorous questionnaire that asks questions about many different behaviors and assesses several traits at once

Back 33

personality inventory

Front 34

most widely used personality inventory, inititially dev. to identify emotional disorders

Back 34

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Front 35

observation that personality ratings are consistent across time and among diff. observers, but that behavior ratings are not

Back 35

consistency paradox

Front 36

describes the degree to which a trait is able to be passes on genetically

Back 36

heritability

Front 37

focuses on the question of whether people's behaviors are more influenced by situational factors or personality traits

Back 37

person-situation controversy

Front 38

concept that unconscious processes underlie all conscious thoughts and actions

Back 38

psychic determininsm

Front 39

type of psychotherapy that relates closely to Freudian concepts

Back 39

psychoanalysis

Front 40

states that a person should seek immediate gratification and pay no attention to societal expectations...

Back 40

pleasure principle

Front 41

states that basic drives and survival instincts should be achieved through actions that will be pleasurable rather than painful

Back 41

reality principle

Front 42

dev. stages during which the id's desire for pleasure focuses on many of the body's erogenous zones in turn

Back 42

psychosexual stages

Front 43

focus on one particular erogenous zone of the body

Back 43

fixation

Front 44

mental process of self-deception that helps a person alleviate his or her worry or anxiety

Back 44

defense mechanism

Front 45

process that blocks anxiety provoking thoughts from conscious mind

Back 45

repression

Front 46

retreat to an earlier stage of development

Back 46

regression

Front 47

process of redirecting an unconscious and unnacceptable wish or drive toward a more acceptable alternative

Back 47

displacement

Front 48

process that occurs when displacement causes a person to direct his or her energy into important or valuable activities

Back 48

sublimation

Front 49

process of changing a wish into its more acceptable opposite

Back 49

reaction formation

Front 50

act of unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems better able to cope with feelings of threat and anxiety

Back 50

identification

Front 51

the use of conscious reasoning to explain away anxiety-inducing thoughts and feelings

Back 51

rationalization

Front 52

shared pool of memories and images common to all humans

Back 52

collective unconscious

Front 53

particular image, such as mother or caretaker, persistent across time and cultures

Back 53

archetype

Front 54

presents a participant with a series of random, unfamiliar images and asks him or her to tell stories about them; these stories supposedly reflect person's inner hopes, fears, and desires

Back 54

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Front 55

person's understanding of who he or she is

Back 55

self-concept

Front 56

personality theory that states that all people want to become their "real" selves; to do so, people need to live according to their own wishes...

Back 56

self theory

Front 57

complete feeling of self-acceptance and an awareness of fulfilling one's unique potential

Back 57

self-actualization

Front 58

Carl Rogers

Back 58

self theory, unconditional positive regard

Front 59

Maslow

Back 59

hierarchy of needs, self-actualization

Front 60

Carl Jung

Back 60

psychodynamic, collective unconscious, archetype

Front 61

life-story conception of personality

Back 61

pscyhobiography

Front 62

person's assumption about the consequences of his or her own behavior

Back 62

outcome expectancy

Front 63

Julian Rotter

Back 63

social cognitive theory of personality, locus of control, etc...

Front 64

theory that states that a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors

Back 64

reciprocal determinism

Front 65

describes a person's expectations about his or her ability to perform a certain task

Back 65

self-efficacy

Front 66

personality trait exhibiting tendency to think and act in a collectivist manner

Back 66

allocentrism

Front 67

personality trait exhibiting tendency to think and act in an individualistic manner

Back 67

ideocentrism