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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are MZ twins?
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Monozygotic - identical twins who share genes. There is a very small amount of genetic variation among twins.
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What are DZ twins?
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Dizygotic - twins who share 50% of their polymorphisms (about 1% of the genome is polymorphic).
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What is the key difference between MZ and DZ twins?
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Their genes.
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What is shared environment?
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Shared experiences that have the same effect on both twins in a pair.
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What is nonshared environment?
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All experiences that affect twins in a pair differently.
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Name the Big 5 personality factors.
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Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
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How is heritability of Big 5 traits determined?
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Pairs of twins take identical personality tests.
Intra-pair correlation measures twin similarity. |
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What is the Falconer formula?
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h^2 = 2 (rMZ - rDZ)
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What did correlation studies on the Big 5 find?
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Average heritability is about 50%.
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Which Big 5 trait is most heritable?
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Neuroticism.
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Which Big 5 trait is most environmental?
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Agreeableness/openness.
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Is the greater similarity of MZ twins really genetic? How do we know?
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Yes, MZ twins reared apart are just as similar as MZ reared together.
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How does shared environment affect personality?
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Shared familial environment is generally not a potent influence on twin similarity.
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What is the ACE model?
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A - additive genetic variance
C - common environment E - unique environment |
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How do genes affect attitudes?
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35% of variation is due to genes, and nonshared environment was the most important factor. There is no shared environment effect.
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What did a study on religiousness in twins show?
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That twins are more similar in their religiousness later in life.
As twins grow oldedr, genetic influences increase and shared environment influences decrease. |
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If you think of family influence on personality as a shared environment, does it affect personality development?
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Twin research says no. Individuals in the same family are not made more similar by the common influence of that environment.
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If you think of family influence as a nonshared environment?
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There is little predictable influence on personalit
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Does lack familial shared environment effects hold across a population?
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It holds across the middle range of parenting techniques.
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What can skew personality development in predictable directions?
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Severe emotional, physical, or sexual abuse.
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What is SWB?
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Subjective well-being.
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What are the strongest, most consistent predictors of SWB?
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Personality traits.
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Which two traits are related to the emotional dimension of SWB?
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Extroversion (60% heritable) and neuroticism (80% heritable).
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Extraversion is also known as?
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Positive affectivity.
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Neuroticism is also known as?
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Negative affectivity.
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Why are these traits good predictors?
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They are stable over very long periods of time.
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How good of predictors are the two traits?
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They can predict SWB 4 years into the future, regardless of intervening life events, since people tend to return to a baseline after positive and negative events have dissipated.
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What is a happiness set-point?
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A baseline for happiness that varies by individual and falls on a normal curve.
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Is the happiness set-point heritable?
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Yes, all of the stable component of the SWB is heritable.
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Describe the happiness set-point twin study.
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MZ and DZ twins reared together and apart were measured on extraversion and neuroticism and SWB by self-report. Some MZ twins were retested after 9 years. Within-twin cross-time correlation for subjective well-being was 50%. Cross-twin cross-time correlation for SWB was 50% (versus 5% for DZ twins).
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How can someone with a low happiness set-point remain happy?
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They should sample pleasurable events.
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Does the twin experience make twins different?
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A twins versus singletons study says there are no differences in personality in any way.
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What are the three laws of behavior genetics?
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1. All human behavior traits are heritable.
2. The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes. 3. A substantial portion of the variation in complex human traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families. |
