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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is social psychology?
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How individual behavior is influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.
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What is aggression?
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Any behavior intended to hurt someone.
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Why is war the ultimate form of aggression?
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It is systematic, planned, and purposeful as well as socially sanctioned.
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How are we genetically inclined to aggress?
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We have a capability to do so, even against our own species.
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What role does culture play?
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There is a culture of violence promoted and accepted.
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Are there rare psychological processes in occurrence that make us kill?
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No, it is ordinary processes that usually help us function that also make us violent.
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What is the path to war?
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First, perceiving and understanding the other, then denigrating the other and elevating the self, and finally influencing the masses.
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What are the social forces at work in war?
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It is a group act that requires a supportive social environment.
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What is attribution?
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How we explain the causes of others' behavior. It influences how we feel and act.
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What are the four qualities of attribution?
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Internal, external, stable, and unstable.
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What is internal attribution?
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Attributing behavior to something about the person.
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What is external attribution?
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Attributing behavior to external circumstances.
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What is stable attribution?
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Assuming the reason for the behavior will not change.
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What is unstable attribution?
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Assuming the reason for a behavior can change.
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"I'm dumb" is an example of what kind of attribution?
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Internal and stable.
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"The subject is hard" is an example of what kind of attribution?
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External and stable.
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"I didn't study enough" is an example of what kind of attribution?
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Internal and unstable.
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"The questions were weird" is an example of what kind of attribution?
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External and unstable.
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Which type of attribution is most adaptive?
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Internal and unstable.
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What is fundamental attribution error?
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We overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situation.
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Describe the Fidel Castro essay study.
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Subjects read essays for or against Fidel Castro. They believed that even if students had no choice in which side they took, the pro-Castro essays were written by pro-Castro students.
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What is actor-observer difference?
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The tendency to see others' behavior as internally caused and one's own behavior as externally caused.
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What is self-serving bias?
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We attribute successes to internal causes and failures to external causes.
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Athletes explaining a loss as caused by team injuries are displaying what type of bias?
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Self-serving bias.
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What is ultimate attribution error?
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We apply different rules to friends and enemies.
Friends: good actions are internal, bad actions are external. Enemies: good actions are external, bad actions are internal. |
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How can internal and stable attributions differ in explaining the actions of friends and enemies?
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These "explain" the good actions of friends and the bad actions of enemies.
For example: Hussein is armed because he is a madman vs. we have disarmed because we are a peaceful nation. |
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How can external and unstable attributions differ in explaining the actions of friends and enemies?
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These "explain" the bad actions of friends and the good actions of enemies.
For example: we only need weapons because of dangerous enemies vs. the enemy has destroyed their weapons because of coercion. |
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What are the positive aspects of attributional errors?
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They save cognitive resources, protect self-esteem, and make the world seem predictable and consistent.
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What are the negative aspects of attributional errors?
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They hide our own weaknesses and failings and lead to misunderstanding.
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What is social identity theory?
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A person's identity is a composition of their personal and social identities.
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We derive self-esteem from our groups, so how do we need to think of them?
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We need to think well of our groups.
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Describe the minimal groups experiment.
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Participants were put into groups based on which style of art (Klee or Kandinsky) they preferred. They were given the opportunity to give an out-group member $4 while they received $3 or give an in-group member $2 while they received $1. The participants allocated their money in a discriminatory way.
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What is in-group bias?
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We tend to favor members of our in-group.
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According to the in-group bias, how do we react to challenged self-esteem?
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We affirm it by highlighting group superiority.
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Describe the job-applicant study.
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Participants received positive or negative feedback about their social skills, and were then asked to rate a job candidate that was either Italian (an in-group member) or Jewish (an out-group member). Those who had received negative feedback were likely to display discrimination and report a large increase in self-esteem following it.
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What are the positive aspects of groups?
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Grouping contributes to species success.
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What are the negative aspects of groups?
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It is tempting to belittle groups to which we do not belong, especially when we feel threatened.
A comparison of "good vs. neutral" can become a comparison of "good vs. bad" with out-group discrimination. |
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What is social learning theory?
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We learn by watching others, even in the absence of reward or punishment.
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Describe the Bobo doll experiment.
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Children who saw an adult beat up a doll imitated the activity. Boys showed slightly more aggression than girls.
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What is informational social influence?
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We conform because others provide information about an ambiguous system.
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Describe the moving lights study.
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Participants were asked to estimate the rate of a "moving" light. When grouped together, participants gave answers that converged on a single value.
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What are social norms?
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The implicit or explicit rules that a group has for acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs.
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How does children's TV time compare with school and parent time?
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Children watch 6.75 hours/day, more than either of the other activities.
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How are violent acts portrayed on television?
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They are attractive, funny, and unpunishing: 44% of violent acts are perpetrated by attractive people, 43% of violent scenes involve humor, and 75% feature no punishment.
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How much TV violence has the average American child watched by the age of 12?
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100,000 acts of violence.
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Describe the electric shock film study.
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Participants were graded on an essay with electric shocks by a confederate. They then watched films with violence that was justified or unjustified, fictional or real, or nonviolent. The participants rated the confederate's essay, giving the most shocks after seeing a clip of fictional or real justified violence.
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Describe the longitudinal TV/violence study.
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In the first segment of the study, researchers collected data on the amount of TV children watched, their perceptions of TV realism, and identification with same-sex aggressive characters. In the second segment, the researchers collected self- and friend-reports on aggression, criminal and driving habits, and TV habits. They found that less TV in childhood was associated with less aggression and more TV in childhood (and high perception of TV realism and identification with the characters) was associated with more aggression.
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What is a criticism of the longitudinal TV/violence study?
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Children who turned out to be aggressive adults may have been drawn toward watching violent shows because of their temperament.
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What are the characteristics of a TV show likely to elicit aggression?
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The violence is: clearly intentional, rewarded, exciting, real, and justified.
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What is America's Army?
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A first-person shooter game developed by the US army to: instruct players in arm values, portray the army in a positive light, and increase potential recruits.
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What are some potential psychological effects of playing first-person shooter games such as America's Army?
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The contexts are real but simplified (black-white thinking).
It turns actual conflict into entertainment (discounting seriousness). It shows only the pleasure of victory, not the pain of defeat (violence associated with positive emotion). It trains people to be aggressive. |
