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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is reciprocity? |
How two people interact. A two way process; each party responds to the others signals to sustain interaction |
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Who discussed reciprocity? |
Fieldman (2007) and Brazelton et al (1975) |
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What is interactional synchrony? |
Simultaneous action or occurrence with a timing or pattern |
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Who discussed interactional synchrony? |
Meltzoff and Moore (1997) |
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Who discussed the stages of attachment? |
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) |
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What are the 4 stages of attachment? |
Asocial stage, indiscriminate attachment, discriminate attachment and multiple attachments |
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When does the Asocial stage happen and what does this stage say about attachment? |
0-6 weeks. Babies have the same response to objects and people and do not prefer specific people to others however they do have a bias towards human-like stimuli |
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When does the indiscriminate stage happen and what does it say about attachment? |
6 weeks - 6 months. Babies become more sociable and can tell people apart but prefer human company. Comforted by anyone. No preference for specific individuals, don’t show fear to strangers. |
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When does the discriminate stage happen and what does it say about attachment? |
7 months onwards. Begin to show separation anxiety, protest separation and stranger anxiety. Form specific attachment with the individual who interacts with them most |
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When does the multiple attachment stage happen and what does it say about attachment? |
10-11 months onwards. Follows soon after the first attachment is made. An infant shows attachment behaviour towards several people. |
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How did Schaffer and Emerson study the stages of attachment? |
Carried out a longitudinal study of 60 Glaswegian babies |
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What is the historical purpose role of the father? |
Provide financial support, do very little in the day-to-day care of their children. Often relied on the mothers account of their interactions. |
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What is the biological role of the father? |
Not biologically equipped as levels of hormones like oxytocin and oestrogen that influence caring behaviour are lower in males. Men play a lesser role in caregiving in early years of attachment formation and development. |
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What is the role as a play mate role of the father? |
Less nurturing so they don’t take on a caregiver role but perhaps as a playmate. Encourage children to explore the world, increase confidence and help develop children’s motor skills. |
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What is the role as a sensitive caregiver role of the father? |
Do play a role in sensitively responding to the needs of a child if they are the primary caregiver or in a secure relationship. Fathers can play a role in nurturing their children and forming a strong emotional tie or bond. |
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Who did animal studies into attachment? |
Lorenz and Harlow |
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What did Lorenz’s animal study look into? |
Imprinting and sexual imprinting |
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What did Harlow’s animal study look into? |
Contact comfort vs feeding |
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What are the two main theories that explain attachment? |
Bowlby’s monotropic theory and Learning Theory |
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What is the key acronym for Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment? |
MCIAS |
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What does MCIAS stand for? |
Monotropic, critical period, internal working model, adaptive, social releasers |
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What monotropy refer to? |
We have an innate tendency to form an attachment with one single primary attachment figure which is seen as a special/essential for health development. |
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What does the critical period refer to? |
The period of the first 0-2 years where infants need to form an attachment or they will have attachment issues in future life |
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What is the internal working model refer to? |
People learn relationships from their own attachment to form an ideal way of creating relationships. A template for their future relationships based on their childhood attachment which helps them learn rules of relationships |
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What does adaptive refer to? |
Learnt due to evolution. Infants who have formed an attachment remain close to their primary care giver. Both infants and care givers experience separation anxiety as an innate response to separation. Babies who attach are likely to survive and go onto reproduce. |
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What does social releasers refer to? |
Specific behaviours of infants that adults automatically respond to with parenting responses. Attachment is formed because of the parents response. |
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What did Dollard and Miller discuss? |
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Based on the provision of food. |
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What does Classical conditioning say about attachment? |
Infants are born with reflex responses. Unconditioned stimulus (food) produces an unconditioned response (pleasure). Infants learn to associate this with the conditioned stimulus (the provider of food/mother) so they feel the same response. |
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What does operant conditioning discuss? |
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement |
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What does positive reinforcement mean in attachment? |
The caregiver supplies food which gives a positive response (pleasure). So the infant continues to cry when hungry. |
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What does negative reinforcement mean in attachment? |
Infant feels discomfort when hungry and has the desire to remove discomfort, learns if they cry they get fed to remove discomfort. |
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Who’s discussed the strange situation? |
Ainsworth (1969) |
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What did the strange situation investigate? |
Types of attachment |
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What were the 8 steps in the procedure of the strange situation? |
1. Mother and child enter an unfamiliar playroom 2. Child encouraged to play 3. Stranger comes in and tries to play with the child 4. Mothers leaves the child with the stranger 5. Mother returns and the stranger leaves 6. Mother leaves the child alone 7. Stranger returns 8. Mother returns and is reunited with the child |
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What were the 3 types of attachment Ainsworth found? |
Secure, Insecure resistant, Insecure avoidant |
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What were the 3 types of attachment Ainsworth found? |
Secure, Insecure resistant, Insecure avoidant |
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What percentage of children have a secure attachment? |
66% |
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What were the 3 types of attachment Ainsworth found? |
Secure, Insecure resistant, Insecure avoidant |
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What percentage of children have a secure attachment? |
66% |
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What percentage of children have an insecure resistant attachment? |
12% |
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What were the 3 types of attachment Ainsworth found? |
Secure, Insecure resistant, Insecure avoidant |
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What percentage of children have a secure attachment? |
66% |
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What percentage of children have an insecure resistant attachment? |
12% |
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What percentage of children have an insecure avoidant attachment? |
22% |
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Two studies that discuss cultural differences |
Van Ijzendoom and Kroonberg (1988) and Fox (1977) |
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Who discussed maternal deprivation? |
Bowlby |
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What did Bowlby say about maternal deprivation? |
. |
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Who did romanian orphan studies? |
Rutter et al (2007) |
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What did Harlow say about the effect of institutionalisation? |
They become poor parents themselves |
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What did Rutter say the effects of institutionalisation were? |
Children who live in institutions will develop a disinhibited attachment and will have a lower IQ/delayed intellectual development |
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What did Hodges and Tizard say about the effects of institutionalisation? |
Children who grow up in institutions will have problems with peer relationships |
