Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Behavior
|
Anything an organism does - blinking, walking drooling
|
|
|
Mental Processes
|
internal, subjective experiences that we infer from behavior
|
|
|
Socrates
|
-philosopher/teacher to Plato
-knowledge is innate -executed (469-399BC) |
|
|
Plato
|
-teacher of Aristotle
-knowledge is innate -interested in connection between behavior and physiology -started own school "The Academy -(428-348BC) |
|
|
Aristotle
|
opposite view of Socrates and Aristotle
-mind and soul is not separable -use logic and observation (384-322) |
|
|
Renee Descartes
|
(1595-1650)French philosopher
-innate ideas exist -mind is distinct from body and survives the bodies death -concluded that fluid in brain contains "animal spirits" and flows from brain to nerves to muscles -memories formed by experiences opening pores in the brain |
|
|
Francis Bacon
|
(1561-1626) British scientist
-knowledge is not innate along with Aristotle but originates from experience -a Radical Empiricist |
|
|
Empiricism
|
knowledge originates from experience
|
|
|
John Locke
|
(1932-1704) British philosopher
-"mind is like a blank slate when born" -"An Essay of Human Understanding" |
|
|
Willhelm Wundt
|
-first psychology experiment in 1879
-University of Leipzig -measured time lag between sound and pressing key |
|
|
Structuralism
|
interested in "elements of mind"
-introspection-look inward and report elements of ones experience when sensing something |
|
|
Functionalism
|
-effective to look at function of thoughts and feelings
-exploration of down-to-earth emotions, memories, will power, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of conciousness |
|
|
Charles Darwin
|
1831-sailed noticing variation of species
1859-"Origins of Species" theory of natural selection |
|
|
Biopychosocial Approach
|
looking at biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels all together
|
|
|
Andrea Yates
|
drowned 5 kids in tub
cognitive level=she believed she was possessed and believed children were not developing correctly biological=mood disorder in family, postpartum depression social-cultural=unsupportive husband, doctors urged to have no more children |
|
|
Edward Titchener
|
student of Wundt
Structuralist aiming to discover the elements of mind |
|
|
William James
|
American philosopher/psychologist
-functionalist who taught first American psych course - admitted first woman, Mary Calkins, into Harvard seminar against objections of Harvard's president -all men dropped the course |
|
|
Mary Calkins
|
First woman admitted into Harvard
-was denied degree and offered a degree instead from the sister college (Radcliffe) -was the first APA president in 1905 |
|
|
natural selection
|
traits that endure are the one that enable organisms to survive
|
|
|
Latane and Darley
|
1970-woman falling off of ladder
-the bigger the group people are in, the less the group tends to help - the fewer the number of people, the greater they tend to help |
|
|
Hindsight bias
|
tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that we could have foreseen
-"I-knew-it-all-along" bias |
|
|
Edward Titchener
|
student of Wundt
Structuralist aiming to discover the elements of mind |
|
|
William James
|
American philosopher/psychologist
-functionalist who taught first American psych course - admitted first woman, Mary Calkins, into Harvard seminar against objections of Harvard's president -all men dropped the course |
|
|
Mary Calkins
|
First woman admitted into Harvard
-was denied degree and offered a degree instead from the sister college (Radcliffe) -was the first APA president in 1905 |
|
|
natural selection
|
traits that endure are the one that enable organisms to survive
|
|
|
Latane and Darley
|
1970-woman falling off of ladder
-the bigger the group people are in, the less the group tends to help - the fewer the number of people, the greater they tend to help |
|
|
Hindsight bias
|
tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that we could have foreseen
-"I-knew-it-all-along" bias |
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
links CNS with receptors, muscles, and glands
subcategory=somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
controls the glands and muscles of internal organs
|
|
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
arouses
ex-raises heart rate, blood pressure, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, cools by perspiration, making you ready for action also involved with lying |
|
|
Parasympathetic Nervous System
|
opposite of sympathetic - calms
lowers heartbeat, bloodsugar... |
|
|
Nervous System
|
body's speedy electrochemical information network
|
|
|
Endocrine System
|
secretes chemical messengers known as hormones
|
|
|
Adrenal Glands
|
top of the kidneys
releases adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenaline/norepinephrine to increase heart rate...etc |
|
|
Pituitary Gland
|
pea sized structure under hypothalamus in core of the brain
releases hormones controlling growth |
|
|
reticular formation
|
fingershaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus
|
|
|
brainstem
|
oldest and innermost region consisting of medulla and pons; its an extension of the spinal cord and ret. formation passes through it
|
|
|
medulla
|
controls heartbeat and breathing; spinal cord enters skull and swell slightly
|
|
|
thalamus
|
atop the brainstem; the switchboard;
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
little brain; learning and memory
|
|
|
Limbic System
|
fear and anger; motives for food and sex; consists of the amygdala, hypothalamus
|
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
links CNS with receptors, muscles, and glands
subcategory=somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
controls the glands and muscles of internal organs
|
|
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
arouses
ex-raises heart rate, blood pressure, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, cools by perspiration, making you ready for action also involved with lying |
|
|
Parasympathetic Nervous System
|
opposite of sympathetic - calms
lowers heartbeat, bloodsugar... |
|
|
Nervous System
|
body's speedy electrochemical information network
|
|
|
Endocrine System
|
secretes chemical messengers known as hormones
|
|
|
Adrenal Glands
|
top of the kidneys
releases adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenaline/norepinephrine to increase heart rate...etc |
|
|
Pituitary Gland
|
pea sized structure under hypothalamus in core of the brain
releases hormones controlling growth |
|
|
reticular formation
|
fingershaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus
|
|
|
brainstem
|
oldest and innermost region consisting of medulla and pons; its an extension of the spinal cord and ret. formation passes through it
|
|
|
medulla
|
controls heartbeat and breathing; spinal cord enters skull and swell slightly
|
|
|
thalamus
|
atop the brainstem; the switchboard;
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
little brain; learning and memory
|
|
|
Limbic System
|
fear and anger; motives for food and sex; consists of the amygdala, hypothalamus
|
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
links CNS with receptors, muscles, and glands
subcategory=somatic and autonomic |
|
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
controls the glands and muscles of internal organs
|
|
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
arouses
ex-raises heart rate, blood pressure, slows digestion, raises blood sugar, cools by perspiration, making you ready for action also involved with lying |
|
|
Parasympathetic Nervous System
|
opposite of sympathetic - calms
lowers heartbeat, bloodsugar... |
|
|
Nervous System
|
body's speedy electrochemical information network
|
|
|
Endocrine System
|
secretes chemical messengers known as hormones
|
|
|
Adrenal Glands
|
top of the kidneys
releases adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenaline/norepinephrine to increase heart rate...etc |
|
|
Pituitary Gland
|
pea sized structure under hypothalamus in core of the brain
releases hormones controlling growth |
|
|
reticular formation
|
fingershaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus
|
|
|
brainstem
|
oldest and innermost region consisting of medulla and pons; its an extension of the spinal cord and ret. formation passes through it
|
|
|
medulla
|
controls heartbeat and breathing; spinal cord enters skull and swell slightly
|
|
|
thalamus
|
atop the brainstem; the switchboard;
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
little brain; learning and memory
|
|
|
Limbic System
|
fear and anger; motives for food and sex; consists of the amygdala, hypothalamus
|
|
|
amygdala
|
two lima bean-sized neural clusters which influence aggression and fear; removing amygdala causes a lack in agression and fear
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
lies below the thalamus; regulates thirst, hunger, and body temp.
|
|
|
Franz Gall
|
tried to trace specific abilities to specific parts of the brain
|
|
|
phrenology
|
examining bumps on skull to reveal mental abilities and character traits
|
|
|
agonist
|
drug that enhances neurotransmitter activity; it can block reuptake or mimic the effects of neurotransmitter
|
|
|
antagonist
|
drug that impedes a neurotransmitter's activity; speeding reuptake or binding to receptor and blocking the transmitter
|
|
|
thyroid gland
|
regulates metabolism
|
|
|
pancreas
|
produces insulin and glucogen to regulate sugar levels
|
|
|
pons
|
help coordinate movement
|
|
|
geminal period
|
first 7-10 days
|
|
|
embryonic period
|
2nd - 8th week
|
|
|
fetal period
|
9th week - birth
|
|
|
fetus
|
at 9 week mark - looks human
|
|
|
six month point of fetus
|
organs developed enough to give fetus a chance of survival; responsive to sound
|
|
|
placenta
|
keeps harmful substance from reaching the embryo or fetus
|
|
|
Teratogens
|
harmful substances that can reach the embryo/fetus
|
|
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
|
consumption of alcohol during first 3 months; leading cause of mental retardation
|
|
|
Babinski Reflex
|
touching newborns foot will cause toes to curl up
|
|
|
Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
|
four main stages of intellectual growth
|
|
|
sensorimotor stage
|
stage 1 - birth to 2yrs - take in world through sensory/motor interactions
|
|
|
preoperational stage
|
stage 2 - age 2-7 - learn to use language, too young for mental operations
|
|
|
egocentric
|
children interpret their own views
|
|
|
Theory of Mind
|
understanding that people are mental beings and can have beliefs different than their own
|
|
|
False Beliefs
|
dont understand different beliefs
|
|
|
concrete operational stage
|
stage 3 - 7-11 - develop ability to think logically, using general rules to guide thinking; able to comprehend mathematics
|
|
|
formal operational stage
|
12-adult - stage 4 - abstract hypothesis, morality, justice, place in world
|
|
|
flashbulb memory
|
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
|
|
|
encoding
|
processing information into the memory system
|
|
|
working memory
|
newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/bisual info. and of info. retrievedfrom long term memory
|
|
|
effortful processing
|
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
|
|
|
serial position effect
|
remembering the last and first items better than they do
|
|
|
iconic memory
|
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
|
|
|
echoic memory
|
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
|
|
|
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
|
for depression which disrupts memory for recent ep. but leaves most memory intact
|
|
|
long term potentiation (LTP)
|
increase in a synapses's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
|
|
|
prosopagnosia
|
inability to recognize faces
|
|
|
absolute threshhold
|
ability to recognize stimulus at least 50% of time
|
|
|
difference threshhold
|
ability to distinguish between two stimuli at least 50% of the time
|
|
|
Weber's law
|
to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by certain percentage
|
|
|
phi phenomenom
|
illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
|
