Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Introduction |
Characterised obsessions and compulsion Anxiety caused by irrational thoughts, images and/or impulses Sufferers often know irrational, anxiety causes wanting of respite DSM V lists under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders |
|
|
Intro - stats |
Prevalence is increasing 1.6% American populations diagnosed, 0.5% classed as severe OCD in children much lower - most cases occur in over 19 OCD traits linked to gender - males more aggressive, comorbidity with substance misuse, females - higher cleaning and comorbidity with eating disorders OCD diagnosed with questionarres like yale to ascertain severity 1 hour a day - mild, 1-3 - moderate, 3+ - severe |
|
|
Biological Explanation |
possible genetic basis people OCD often have first degree relatives with a form of anxiety disorder |
|
|
Bio Study - genetic |
study looked at over 4300 twins in UK used OCD questionnaire against subcategories (checking, hoarding, obsessions organising the washing) - checking if were hoarding, obsessions about ordering the washing results suggest genetic variations are prominent factor, environmental factors had a smaller impact. |
|
|
Bio study genetic - pros and cons |
cons- only female twins used due to limit of male samples based on questionnaire results of participants pros - results based on answers of recognised OCD scoring test large sample sized used of both mono and dizygotic twins. |
|
|
Bio explanation - abnormalities |
brain circuit convert sensory info in thoughts and actions (frontal cortex and caudate nuclei) - poss due to low levels of serotonin. either area may be too active. |
|
|
Bio study abnormalities hansen study |
Scored individuals using hale-brown test Scanned individuals causal nucleus, then repeated during and post taking paroxetine for 12-20 weeks. proxetine increases levels of serotonin of the caudate nucleus at end of treatment individuals had 55% decrease in yale-brown, and high decrease in symptoms |
|
|
Bio hansen study - pros / cons |
flaws - small sample size - only 20 individuals / over factors could be influencing results / no proof paroxetine was not affecting a separate unmeasured area of the brain, though levels did increase in caudate nucles. pros - supports current treatment procedures used / scientific based experiments with visual evidence via neuroimaging. |
|
|
Bio-treatment |
Serotonin based anti-depressants - paroxetine for example. create large amount of serotonin that may be inhibited by defective mechanisms in the body cons - relapse if not maintained, possible side effects, does not help everyone. pros - helps 50-80% of sufferers |
|
|
Biological review |
low levels of serotonin cause or symptom of OCD? is front cortex/ caudal nucleus a symptom of OCD? treatment aetiology fallacy low serotonin levels found in other disorders without causing ocd. reductionist and deterministic - ignoring enviromental and psychological factors. biological is founded on empirical evidence, treatment works in man cases |
|
|
Behavioural perspective |
conditions are learned randomly via classical conditioning. in a situation they perform a specific act, which when resolves with no negative outcomes, gets associated as a successful response that relieves anxiety and becomes reinforced, i.e. negative reinforcement. |
|
|
Behavioural study |
Skinners experiments showed effect of operant conditioning, strengthening the idea of positive and negative reinforcement. pros - based on multiple experiments thus generalisability is higher / observable behaviour that provides reproducible results. cons - tested on rats and not humans specifically / tested in lab conditions - low ecological validity. |
|
|
Behavioural treatment |
systematic desensitisation - gradually exposing client to anxiety provoking stimuli using a fear hierarchy. floding - client faces the most anxiety provoking situation whilst applying relaxation techniques. pros- systematic allows patient to control the steps, can use in vitro if in vivo is impractical, highly effective in learned anxiety, teaches self-control limiting dependence no the therapist cons - patient must demonstrate successful relaxation techniques or risk becoming overwhelmed, flooding can traumatise the patient further. slow process for systematic desensitization, treats symptoms not the cause of phobia, social based ocd shows little improvement |
|
|
Conclusion |
both approaches offer valid explanations neither can be generalised to all cases combination of both as been shows as very effective, with a combination of treatments minimising the negatives of each, though neither explains the primary cause for OCD |
