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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what are neurons composed of?
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cell body
dendrites axon terminal bouton |
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dendrites
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short branched structures projecting out from the cell body
they receive and conduct info to the cell body |
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dendritic spines
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extremely fine projections on the dendrites
common locations for synapses |
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axon
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long fiber that ends in terminal boutons
conducts impulses away from the cell body |
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neurotransmitter
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first messenger molecule
secreted by the cell then may influence the functioning of the adjacent neurons |
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synapse
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tiny space between the nerve cells
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action potential
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activation of the excitatory receptors on the dendrites or the cell body results in a brief change in electrical potential from the cell's restng state...this is that change
it converts into a nerve impulse as it spreads throughout the dendrites, cell body, and down the axon the nerve impulse causes the release of neurotransmitteing chemicals into the synapse |
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presynaptic
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neuron that releases the neurotransmitters
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postsynaptic
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neuron that receives the neurotransmitters
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conduction
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the process of impulse movement along the axon
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transmission
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the passage of the impulse across the synaptic space
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two very important properties common to most neurotransmitters
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1) these chemicals are found within neurons and released as a result of the nerve impulse
2) the ability of neurotransmitters to produce a physiological effect on a neuron |
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binding of neurotransmitters to receptors
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the primary means by which one nerve cell can influence the functioning of other neurons
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2 functions of neurotransmitters
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excitatory: activate adjacent neurons
inhibitory: have the impact of reducing nerve cell excitability |
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one exception to the function of the neurotransmitter
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serotonin system in the brain
not inherently excitatory or inhibitory depends on which type is activated |
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reuptake transporter pump
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protein cell structure in cell membrane
accomplishes the reabsorption of molecules into presynaptic neurons reenter the nerve cell and are repackaged in the vesicles |
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life span of receptors
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12-24 hours
they wear out or are reabsorbed into the cell |
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ion channel
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tiny pores on the surface of nerve cell membranes
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ionic action
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takes place when receptors are associated with ion channels
responsible for rapid and transient changes in nerve cell activity as occurs with neuronal firing underlying sensory perception or voluntary muscle action |
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Most psychiatric meds operate by acting on...
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metabolic receptors not ionic receptors...this explains why most of these drugs require several weeks before improvement of symptoms is noticed ( exceptions are tranquilizers and benzos
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three critical neurotransmitters systems:
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serotonin
dopamine norepinephrine |
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cerebral cortex
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responsible for perception, complex cognitive processes, reality testing, initiation of behavior, and judgment
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hypothalamus
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center of brain about size of a pea
lies at base of the brain responsible for regulating circadian rhythm, sleep cycles, appetite, sex drive, and regulation of both the autonomic nervous system and almost all of the endocrine glands thought to be regulated by serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine |
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limbic system
(emotional brain) three primary functions: |
1) the appraisal of emotional stimuli
2) initiation of emotional responses (fight or flight) 3) shutting down reactivity after external stressors subside and restoring the NS and body to homeostasis |
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incoming sensory info is appraised by way of what two main processing centers in the brain:
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1) the cerebral cortex
2) the amygdala |
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Cortex
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Higher cognitive processing
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Dementia, confusional states
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Prefrontal cortex
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Impulse control, attention,
behavioral monitoring, organization of complex information processing |
Attention deficit disorder,
schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression |
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Diencephalon
thalamus |
Many nerves pass through
this brain structure |
Not implicated in major
psychiatric disorders |
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hypothalamus
(function and psychopathalogy) |
Regulates sleep cycles,
hunger, sex drive; controls endocrine and autonomic nervous system; influences immune system |
Depression, anxiety disorders,
sleep disorders |
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Limbic system
amygdala |
Elicits and controls aggression,
primitive threat appraisal |
Impulse control disorders,
depression, borderline personality disorder* (likely but not proven), anxiety disorders |
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septum
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Emotional and stimulus
"gate," pleasure centers |
Schizophrenia, impulse
control disorders, addictive disorders |
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cingulate
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Neuronal pathways connecting
limbic system structures and prefrontal lobes; affect regulation |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder,
anxiety disorders |
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hippocampus
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Recent memory, new learning,
impulse and emotional control |
Alzheimer's disease, postconcussion syndrome,
depression |
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Basal ganglia
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Controls aspects of motor
behavior; obsessivecompulsive disorder |
Parkinson's disease, antipsychotic medication side
effects (extrapyramidal symptoms [EPS]) |
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Brainstem
reticular system |
Neuronal pathways connecting
limbic system and prefrontal lobes; stimulus filter or "gate" |
Attention-deficit disorder,
schizophrenia |
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Central Nervous System
consists of: |
brain
spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system consist of:
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autonomic nervous system (sympathetic ns, parasympathetic ns,)
somatic ns division |
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somatic division
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controls voluntary action of the skeletal muscles
carries info from sensory organs to the CNS |
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autonomic nervous system
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stimulates heart smooth muscles and glands throughout nerves
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sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in:
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fight or flight response
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parasympathetic nervous system acts to:
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reduce heart rate and blood pressure in an overall attempt to conserve energy
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pharmacodynamics
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drug's effect on the body
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pharmacokinetecs
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body's effect on the drug
absorption distrabution biotransformation excretion |
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absorption
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most drugs are initially and predominantly absorbed in the stomach or small intestine
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distribution
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once absorbed and reaches the blood stream, the drug is distributed throughout the body
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biotransformation
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metabolism
occurs in liver chemical is changed by enzymes so it is easily excreted |
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excretion
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process whic drugs are eliminated from the body
occurs via kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, sweat, saliva, and breast milk |
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steady state
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concentrations of a med in the bloodstream have reached a plateau so that the amount administered is equal to the amount eliminated
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half-life
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amount of time required for the serum concentration to be reduced by 50%
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pharmacological effect
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desired therapeutic effect
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side effects
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undesirable effects
fairly common, predictable, and somewhat preventable |
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idiosyncrantic effects
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extremely rare adverse effects that are difficult to predict
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anaphylaxis
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severe allergic reaction
can include difficulty breathing, fever and irregular heart beat |
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discontinuance syndrome
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response to stopping or interrupting medication treatment
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the most frequently encountered of all drug interactions:
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enzyme inhibition
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The parasympathetic nervouse system is mediated by:
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acetylcholine
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Many psychiatric meds have anticholinergic effects meaning they block what chemical:
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acetylcholine
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The sympathetic nervous system is mediated primarily by:
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norepinephrine
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