Psych 1, 18, 19, 21 , 23

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Behaviorist

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Watson-Quantifiable measurement of homan behavior

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Humanistic psychology

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Maslow- current environmental influences nuture or limit growth potential. Need love

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Cognitive neuro-science

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How we perceive process and remember information. Why anxiety, depression, etc.

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Psychology

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Science of behavior and mental process

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Nature vs nurture

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Do human traits present at birth or developed through experience? Nurture works on what nature endows.

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3 levels of psychological analysis

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Biological influences, psychological influences, social cultural influences

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Basic research

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Builds psychology's knowledge base

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Applied research

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Researching practical problems

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Clinical psychologist

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Assesses and treats mental emotional and behavioral disorders

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Counseling psychologist

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Improve social and personal function also deals with crises / challenges

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Psychiatrist

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Medical doctor that uses psychotherapy alongside other methods such as medication

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Positive psychology

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Explorers positive emotions and character traits

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Conditioning

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Learning associations

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Classical conditioning

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Associating two stimuli thus anticipating events

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Operant conditioning

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Associate a response or behavior with a consequence

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Cognitive learning

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Acquiring information that

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Neutral stimulus

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Stimuli that does not evoke a response

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Unconditioned response

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Natural response to a stimulus

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Conditioned response

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A previously neutral stimuli that is linked to an unconditioned stimuli and thus unconditioned response

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Acquisition

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Initial learning of an association

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Extiction

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How long are conditioned stimulus is used no unconditioned stimulus following until a conditioned stimulus no longer produces a reaction. May spontaneously recover after

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Generalization

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Similar stimulate two conditions to me a lie that will generally provoke the same conditioned response

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Discrimination

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Ability to distinguish between stimuli that is conditioned or simulated does not trigger unconditioned response

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Law of effect

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Rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

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Shaping

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Gradually guiding subject

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Positive reinforcement

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Strengthens response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimuli after desired response

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Negative reinforcement

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Strengthens a response by reducing or removing a negative stimuli

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Primary reinforcers

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Innately satisfying such as a biological need

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Conditioned reinforcers

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Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

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Continous reinforcement

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Reinforcement after each desired response

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Reinforcement schedule

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Pattern of how often reinforcement will

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Partial intermittent reinforcement

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Reinforcement only some of the time slower to work but much more resistant to extinction

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Fixed ratio schedule

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reinforces only after precise number of desired responses

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Variable ratio scheduling

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Reinforces after varying amount of desired response

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Fixed interval schedule

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Reinforcement only after specified time has elapsed

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Variable interval schedule

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Reinforcement schedule at unpredicted time intervals

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Punishment

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Decreases behavior preceding punishment but negatively reinforces parents punishing behavior. Teaches discrimination among situations

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Positive punishment

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Administer aversive stimuli

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Negative punishment

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Withdrawing rewarding stimuli

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W. Wundt

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1st psychological laboratory, functionalist with titchner

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W. James

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Functionalist studying emitions and memories

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J watson

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Behaviorist, little albert.

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B.f. skinner

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Behaviorist, operent conditioning. Law of effect.

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Memory

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Living that persisted over time, a measure of retention

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Recall

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Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time

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Recognition

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Identifying items previously learned

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Relearning

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Learning something quicker the second time

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Encoding

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The processing of information into our brain

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Storage

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Retention of encoded information over time

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Retrieval

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The process of getting information out of memory

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Sensory memory

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Fleeting, to be remembered information

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Short term memory

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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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Long term memory

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Relatively permanent and limitless storage memory system. Knowledge, skills and experiences

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Working memory

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alternative to short memory. A central executive focuses attention and pulls information from long-term memory to help make sense of new information. Uses tools such as auditory rehearsal and visual spatial processing

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Explicit memory

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Memory facts and experiences that one can know and declare

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Effortful

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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Automatic processing

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Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space time and frequency. Also well learned information such as word meanings

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Implicit memories

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Retention independent of conscious recollection . Procedural memory for skills and classically conditioned responses to stimuli

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Iconic memory

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Fleeting sensory memory a visual stimulus. Only lasts a few tenths of a second

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Echoic memory

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Fleeting auditory memory

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Chunking

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Organizing information into familiar manageable units, making it easier to recall

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Mnemonics

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Memory aids, especially using vivid imagery in organizational devices

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Hierarchies

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A few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

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Spacing effect

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Distributed practice produces better long-term recall and repeated self-testing increases it also

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Shallow processing

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Encoding on a basic level such as Word letters or sounds

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Deep processing

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Encodes semantically based on meaning of the words, the deeper the processing the better the retention

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Anterograde amnesia

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Cannot form new memories

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Retrograde amnesia

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Inability to remember information from one's past

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Encoding failures

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Age can affect encoding efficiency as areas responsible become less responsive with age. You can't remember what you don't encode

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Forgetting curve

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The course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time

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Retrieval failure

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Sometimes even stored information can be Axis with sleeves to forgetting. On the tip of your tongue

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Interference

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Cluttered information

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Proactive interference

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Prior learning disrupts recall of new information

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Retroactive interference

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New learning disrupts recall of old information. Studying one hour before sleep protects from retroactive interference

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Positive transfer

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Previously learned information facilitating our learning of new information

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Motivated forgetting

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To remember our past is often to revisit it. We repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self concept

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Misinformation effect

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Exposed to misleading information we tend to miss remember. Just hearing retelling of events can implant false memories

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Source amnesia

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Attributing to rowan source an event we have experienced heard read or imagined

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Children's recall

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Children are especially accurate when they have not talked to the adult involved and also if neutral non leading questions are used