Psych

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Resting Potential

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Resting potential of a neuron is its stable,negatively charge when the cell is inactive.

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Active Potential

Back 2

Very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge thattravels along an axon.

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All-Or-None Law

Back 3

Either the neuron fires or it doesn’t, and its actionpotentials are the same size.

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Synaptic Cleft

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A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuronand the call membrane of another neuron. (Two neurons don’t actually touch)· Signals have to cross the gap to permit neuronsto communicate

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Presynaptic Neuron

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The neuron that send the signal across the gap.

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Postsynaptic Neuron

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The neuron that receives the signal.

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron toanother.

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Synaptic Vessels

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Where most of the chemicals are stored, smallsacs.

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PostsynapticPotential (PSP):

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A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic callmembrane.· Do not follow the all-or-none law like actionpotentials do

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ExcitatoryPSP:

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A positivevoltage shift that INCREASES thelikelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.

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InhibitoryPSP:

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A negativevoltage shift that DECREASES thelikelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.

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PeripheralNervous System:

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Made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal chord.

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SomaticNervous System:

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Made up of nerves that connect to voluntaryskeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.

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AfferentNerve Fibers:

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· Send signals to the brain and spinal chordo Information coming in (Sensation)· Afferent connects ARRIVE

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EfferentNerve Fibers:

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· Receive signals from the brain and spinal chordo Information going out (Movement)· The brain causes the effect of muscles moving· Efferent connections EXIT

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AutonomicNervous System:

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Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, bloodvessels, smooth muscles, and glands. Ultimatelycontrolled by the central nervous system.

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WalterCannon:

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One of the first psychologists to study the fight-or-flight response.

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SympatheticDivision:

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The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizesthe body’s resources for emergencies. It creates the fight-or-flight response. It will slow digestive system anddrains blood from the periphery to lessen bleeding incase of an injury.

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ParasympatheticDivision:

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The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generallyconserves bodily resources. It activates this processes that allow the body tosave and store energy. Ex: actions by the parasympatheticnerves slow heart rate, reduce blood pressure, and promote digestion.

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CentralNervous System(CNS):

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Consists of the brain and the spinal chord. Bathed in Cerebrospinal Fluid.

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Blood-Brain-Barrier:

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A semipermeable membrane that stops some chemicals,including drugs, from entering the CSF and affecting the brain

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Hindbrain:

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Includes the cerebellum and two structures found in thelower part of the brainstem (The medulla and the Pons).

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Medulla:

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Automatic Functions (breathing)

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Pons:

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Sleeping, dreaming, waking

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Cerebellum

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Balance/Movement

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Thalamus

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Sensory

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Hypothalamus

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4 f's (eating drinking, mating, fight-or-flight,defense and aggression).

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Pituitary Gland

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Hormones (hypothalamus)

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Serotonin

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Anxiety

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Dopamine

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Parkinsons

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ACE

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Muscle and Memory

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NE

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Mood

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GABA

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§ Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter (cl-)

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Glutamine

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§ Primary excitatory neurotransmitter (NA+)

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Endorphins

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Pain

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Hippocampus:

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Responsible for the consolidation of memoriesfor factual information

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Amygdala:

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Fear

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Cerebrum:

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Includes the brain areas that are responsible for our mostcomplex mental activities, including learning, remembering, thinking, andconsciousness itself.

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CerebralCortex:

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The convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum. Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres.

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CorpusCallosum:

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The major structure that connects both hemispheres.

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OccipitalCortex:

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· Primary visual cortex· Ventral stream: Object identification andrepresentation · Dorsal stream: Motion and object location

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OccipitalLobe:

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At the back of the head, includes the cortical area where most visual signalsare sent and visual processing is done.

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ParietalLobe:

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Forward to the occipital lobe. Includes the area thatregisters the sense of touch.

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TemporalLobe:

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Lies below the parietal lobe. Contains area devoted toauditory processing.

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FrontalLobe:

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Contains the principal areas that control the movement ofmuscles.

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PituitaryGlands:

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Releases a great variety of hormones that fanout within the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands.

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Oxytocin:

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A hormone released by the Pituitary gland, which regulatesreproductive behaviors.

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EndocrineSystem:

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Controls hormone secretion in the body· Chemicals like neurotransmitters released byendocrine glands· Slower and more general than neurotransmitters

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Hypothalamic-PituitaryAdrenal Axis:

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· The hypothalamus transmits to the pituitary andadrenal glands- Stress· Glucocorticoids feed back into the brain· Chronic stress can damage these brain structuresthrough glucocorticoids

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· Soma

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o The neurons cell bodyo Contains the cell nucleus

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· Dendrites

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o The protrusions coming off the cell body thatlook like treeso Each branch is a dendriteDendrites receive chemical signals from otherneurons

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· Axon

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o The long thin fiber that carries electricalsignals from the soma to the terminal buttons at the end of the axon

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· MyelinSheath

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o An insulating cover surrounding the axono Speeds up transmissiono Deterioration can impair function

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· TerminalButtons

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o Terminal buttons are located at the end of theaxono Once signals come up the axon, terminal buttonsrelease chemicals called neurotransmitters

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H.M.

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· Bilateral temporal lobectomy (removal ofhippocampus on both sides of brain)· Had intact short term memory· Had intact distant memory (memory for eventsover 2 years old)· Had inability to form new long term memories andhad trouble remembering things in the last two years

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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

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· Bilateralo Low fear and aggressiono Inappropriate eating of non-food objects(hyperphagia)o Extreme use of mouth to explore (hyperorality)o Extreme sexual behavior (hypersexuality)

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Aphasis-

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Associated with damage to the frontal lobe

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Broca’sAphasis-

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· Inability to produce fluent language, but nodeficit in language understanding

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Sense:

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A system that translates information fromoutside the nervous system into neural activity

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Perception:

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The process of making sensation into meaningfulexperience

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Bottom-UpProcessing:

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Stimulus influences what an individualperceives; Data driven, (you see and hear a mosquito, after this your brain hasthe perception of a mosquito there, you then decide to swat it away)…. Outsidedata is used to perceive then decide a behavior.

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Top-DownProcessing:

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Uses your background knowledge to influence your perception;(Thinking about something=super sensitive on subject. Use whats in your head tomake an assumption. ‘cleaned a barn with spiders in it, later you feel an itchand imagine it’s a spider’…. You are able to walk around in the dark becauseyou have a top-down approach on what your room looks like).

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AbsoluteThreshold:

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Minimum stimulation needed to detect aparticular stimulus 50% of the time

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DifferenceThreshold:

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· Minimum difference between two stimuli before anindividual can identify them as different.· Just noticeable difference (JND) – the largerthe stimulus the larger the change has to be in order to notice

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SensoryAdaptation:

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Diminished sensitivity as a consequence ofconstant stimulation.

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SelectiveAttention:

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· Focusing on conscious awareness on a particularstimulus.· As in the cocktail party effect. –Being in avery loud environment and only focusing on one person talking

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Amplitude:

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The height of the wavelength

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Wavelength:

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How close each peak is to another (Inversely related to frequency)

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Frequency:

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Higher the frequency-the closer the wavelength

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Loudness:

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Determined by the amplitude of the sound wave

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Pitch:

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Defined by frequency, (high frequency, low wavelength=high pitched)

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Timbre:

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The quality of a sound that identifies it