Psych

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memory

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the ability to store and retreive information over time

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encoding

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the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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storage

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the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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retrieval

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the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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semantic judgment

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participants to think about the meaning of the words

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rhyme jugdments

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participants to think about the sound of the words

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visual judgements

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participants to think about the appearance of the words

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elaborative encoding

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actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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elaborate encoding brain part

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inner part of the left temporal lobe and lower left part of the frontal lobe

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visual imagery encoding

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storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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visual imagery encoding brain part

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regions in the occipital lobe

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organizational encoding

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noticing the relationships among a series of items

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organizational encoding brain part

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upper surface of left frontal lobe

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memory storage

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process of maintaining information in memory over time

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sensory memory store

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place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less

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iconic memory

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fast-decaying store of visual information held for about 1 second

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echoic memory

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fast-decaying store of audtiory information held for about 5 seconds

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short-term memory store

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place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute stored for about 15-20 minutes

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short-term memory time range

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80% after 3 seconds 20% after a 20 seconds

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rehearsal

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is the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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chunking

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combining small pieces of information ito larger clusters or chunks. are about to remember about 7 meaningful items or numbers

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working memory

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active maintenance of information in short-term storage. includes visual representation of the positions of pieces your mental manipulation of th epossible moves and your awareness of the flow of information into and out of memory

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long-term memory store

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a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years. hippocapal region very important

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anterograde amnesia

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the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

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retrograde amnesia

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inability to retrieve informaton that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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hippocampal for long-term

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acts as a kind of indec=v that links together all of the otherwise separate bits and pieces so that we are able to remember memories as one

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memories location

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space between axon and dendrites between nuerons

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long term potentiation

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enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections. occurs in several pathways within hippocampus

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NMDA receptor

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influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of LTP in most hippocampal pathways

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NMDA receptor activation

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the presynaptic, or "sending", nueron releases a neurotransmiter called glutamate which attaches to the NMDA receptor site on the postynpatic, or "recieving", nueron. second excitation takes place in the postsynaptic neuron

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retrieval cue

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external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

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encoding specificity principle

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retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

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state-dependent retrieval

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the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

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transfer appropriate processing

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memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later.

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explicit memory

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when people consciously or intentionally retreive past experiences. hippocampal necessary

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implicit memory

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past experiences influence lter behavoir and performace, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are nto away that they are remembering them. hippocampal not necessary

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procedural memory

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the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how", to do things.

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priming

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refers to an enhanced ability to htink of a stimulus, such as a wrod or object, as a result of a reecnt exposure to the stimulus. associated with reduced activity in various regions of cortex that are activated when people perform nonprimed tasks

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semantic memory

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network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world, hippocampus not necesssary

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episodic memory

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collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

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learning

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some experience that results in a relatively permant change in the state of the learner

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habituation

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general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

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classical conditioning

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when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

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unconditioned stimulus

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something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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unconditioned response

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a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

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stimulus that is intitially neurtral and produces no reliale response in an organism

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conditioned response

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reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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acquisition

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the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimilus are presented together

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second order conditioning

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conditinog where the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that acquired its ability to prouduce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a conditioned stimulus

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extinction

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the gradual elimination of a learned response that occures when the unconitioned stimulusis no longer presented

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spontaneous recovery

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the tendency fo a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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generalization

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the controlled response is observed even though the controlled stimulus is slightly different fromt eh original one used during acquisition

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discrimination

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the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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biological preparedness

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a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

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operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

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intrumental behavior

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behavior tht required an organism to do somethin, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment

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law of effect

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bahaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce and unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

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reinforcer

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any stimulus or event that functions to increase the liklihood of the bahvior that to it

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punisher

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any stimulus or event taht functions to decrease the likelihood of the bahvior that led to it

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overjustified effect

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when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

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fixed interval schedule

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reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

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variable interval schedule

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a behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

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fixed ratio schedule

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reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

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variable ratio schedule

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the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

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intermittent reinforcement

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when only some of the responses made are followed by reinfocement

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intermittent-reinforcement effect

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the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermitten reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under conitnuous reinforcement

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shaping

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learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behaviors

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latent learning

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a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

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cognitive map

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a mental representation of the physcal features of the environment

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observational learning

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learning takes place by watching the actions of others

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altered state of consciousness

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a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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hypnagogic state

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presleep conciousness

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hypnic jerk

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sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as though missing a step on a staircase

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hypnopompic state

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post sleep conciousness

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circadian rhythem

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a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

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REM sleep

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a stage of sleep characterized by rapd eye movements and high level or brain activity

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electrooculograph

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a device to measure eye movements

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insomnai

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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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sleep apnea

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a disorder in which a person stops breating for brief periods while sleepng

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somnambulism

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occurs when the person arises and walks around while asleep

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narcolepsy

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disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur int he middle of waking activities

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sleep paralysis

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experience of waking up unable to move

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night terrors

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abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

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manifest content

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dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning

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latent content

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a dreams true underlying meaning

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activation synthesis model

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when the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activeations that occur randomly during sleep