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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientist-Practitioner/Boulder Model
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Established the Ph.D. and training in both research and practice for clinical psychology
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Professional/Vail Model
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Established the Psy.D. degree and training in practice, not research, for clinical psychology
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Confidentiality
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The ethical obligation of professionals to keep information obtained from a client confidential
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License
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Way of regulating professional psychology; issued by the state to professionals who demonstrate required education and competence
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Certification
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Way of regulating professional psychology (weaker form than license); state certifies that psychologist has claimed training
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Registration
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Way of regulating the practice of psychology (weakest) in which psychologists merely register their practice with the state
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National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology
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Listing of licensed professional psychologists that can be used by third-party payers to determine fee reimbursement
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American Board of Professional Psychology
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Award special diplomas to experienced, qualified professional psychologists
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Common factors approach
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Approach to psychotherapy theory integration involving the investigation of what all therapies share
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Technical eclecticism
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In psychotherapy theory integration, an approach that emphasizes the pragmatic use of techniques from different therapies, although one theoretical outlook may be maintained
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Theoretical Integration
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In psychotherapy integration, the attempt to develop an integrative theory that includes ideas from differing approaches
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Dialectical Process
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Philosophical view that considers social or personal change to be a process of forming a thesis (one view of things), which produces an antithesis (the opposite of the original view), which produces a new synthesis (a combination of the two positions)
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Privilege
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Legal right of the clients of psychologists (and other professionals) to control information about them
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Tarasoff
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1971 California Supreme Court ruling which set limits to therapist-client confidentiality and privilege; court ruled therapists must warn potential victims of dangerous clients
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Informed Consent
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Informing clients of all the pros and cons of therapy so they can agree to it with full knowledge
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Freedom of Choice (FOC)
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State laws requiring health insurance companies to allow patients the freedom to choose their own health care providers and treatments
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Conversion Disorders
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Psychological disorder involving one or more physical symptoms that mimic physical illness
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Metapsychology
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Freud's outlook on the implicit, underlying assumptions of a psychological theory
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Sublimation
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Process of channeling repressed desires and conflicts into socially acceptable outlets (ex. anger into boxing)
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Defense Mechanisms
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Habitual and unconscious psychological devices used to reduce or avoid anxiety
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Denial
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Defense mechanism involving the refusal to recognize the real nature of one's behavior
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Rationalization
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Defense mechanism in which plausible and acceptable reason's for one's behavior and feelings are created in order to hide one's real motives (ex. buying Playboy just to read the articles)
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Projection
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Defense mechanism in which unacceptable motives or feelings are attributed to others (ex. a person with repressed hostility may see everyone else as being hostile and dangerous)
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Displacement
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Defense mechanism involving deflection of feelings onto a less threatening target (ex. being angry at a boss so taking it out on spouse)
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Reaction formation
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Defense mechanism in which one behaves in a way that is diametrically opposite to what one unconsciously wants (ex. someone with unconscious hostility may come off as a complete pacifist)
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Intellectualization
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Defense mechanism in which repressed impulses are allowed into awareness only in an intellectual way to avoid experiencing them (ex. person may know she feels intimate towards her father, but still represses the actual feelings)
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Compensation
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Defense mechanism used to deal with frustration and inadequacy in one area by investing in another area (ex. someone who is not intelligent may choose to excel in athletics)
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Id
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Psychoanalytic view of personality that consists of instincts and reflexes; primal, hedonistic branch, driven by pleasure principle (“I want what I want and I want it now.”)
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Ego
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Psychoanalytic view of personality that is reality oriented; makes the id and superego happy while looking out for consequences
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Superego
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Psychoanalytic view of personality that contains the conscience as well as the ideals to which the person aspires; “judicial branch” of personality, concerned about what is right and wrong and guilt
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Psychic Determinism
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Belief that nothing psychological happens by chance
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Narrative Truth
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In hermaneneutics, the concept of helping clients develop good "working stories" about their lives
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Oral
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Stage of personality; Infant (birth-18 months) – put everything in mouth (learning about world vs. Freud saying oral = pleasure) – clients may be smoker, overeater or nail-biter, pen-chewer, gum-chewer, eating odd things, someone interested in taking in lots of different information, talks a lot
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Anal
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Stage of personality; 18 month – 3 year – potty-training is crucial, ability to hold/release, anal retentive client (super organized, fixated on holding things in, never cut loose, always controlled, never mess up)
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Phallic
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Stage of personality; 3 – 6 year – start to have sexual feelings towards opposite sex parent (subconscious), afraid same sex parent finds out, begins to start acting like same-sex parent to make them happy – SEX ROLE DEVELOPMENT – Oedipal/Electra complex: wish they could have relationship with parent; clients could be gay, act overly feminine (men) or masculine (women), marrying someone way older than him/her
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Latency
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Stage of personality; 6 – 12 year – making friends, opening up, gaining personality, being healthy (break from subconscious urges)
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Genital
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Stage of personality; Puberty – rest of life (generative) – idea of giving back, growth, finding relationships, etc.
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Person-Centered
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Carl Roger's most recent name for his "client"-centered therapy
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Multiple Realities
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Concept that reality is relative to each person's point of view and therefore there is no possible way for any human to determine one "correct" view of reality
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Personal Constructs
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Beliefs and concepts people develop in order to make sense out of their experiences
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Reflection of Feelings
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In client-centered therapy, therapeutic response of accurately mirroring the client's experience
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Experiencing
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The bodily, "felt" way of knowing at visceral or "gut level", as opposed to intellectual, verbal, conceptual knowledge
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Orgasmic Valuing Process
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Roger's idea that humans have an inborn capacity to experience what is good for them
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Conditions of Worth
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In client-centered therapy, parents impose these on their children; make their children feel worthwhile only if they act in accord with certain parental expectations or conditions
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Free Association
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In psychoanalysis, the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censorship
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Non-possessive Warmth
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In client-centered therapy, a set of therapist qualities called unconditional positive regard, acceptance, prizing, respect, caring, non-possessive love
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How is a Counseling or Clinical Psychologist Different from Others who Help?
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- Professionals with extensive training (doctorate degree)
- Licensed or certified by their state - Obligated to follow a professional code of ethics |
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Clinical Psychologists
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- More likely to work with a severely mentally ill population
- More likely to work with people long term - Not trained in career counseling - Subtle, philosophical differences |
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Unifying Themes that Effect the Way Clinical Psychologists Think
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1. Intact Personalities
2. Assets and Strengths 3. Brief Interventions 4. Person-Environment Interactions 5. Education and Career Development |
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Counseling Psychologists
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- Remedial
- Preventive - Educative/Developmental - Often experts in working with college students - Multicultural focus |
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Training for Clinical Psychologists
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- Ph.D. (doctorate of Philosophy)
- Ph.D.=scientist-practitioner model (Boulder conference,1949) - Psy.D. (doctorate of Psychology) - Psy.D. (Vail conference,1973) - Degree comes from Psychology Department or Indep. School - 4-6 years post bachelors is typical - Internship |
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Training for Counseling Psychologists
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- Counseling Psychology- Ph.D. Degree from dept. of Psychology or Education
- 5-6 years post bachelors is typical - Internship |
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Behaviorism
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1920s belief all about learning, the here and now, something in the environment is triggering mental illness
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Trends in Psychology from 1990s to the Present
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- Managed Care
- Trend toward Brief Therapy - Prescription Privileges - Technology - Multicultural Competence - Non-traditional roles for Psychologists |
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Psychological Law
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- Precise code of governing standards
- Established to ensure legal justice - Sometimes there is a conflict- I.e. may be legal but considered unethical |
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Psychological Ethics
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- Branch of philosophy that addresses questions of how people ought to act toward each other, that pronounces judgement of value about actions and that develop rules (Kitchener, 2000)
- It is often general as compared to the law - Enforced by the APA |
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When Confidentiality CAN Be Broken
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- Person is a danger to themselves
- Person is a danger to others (duty to warn; legal requirement in Ohio) - Reason to believe a child, elder, person who is mentally retarded etc. is currently being abused - Court orders records - Client is a minor (under age 18) |
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Low Context Culture
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Culture that is very direct, speak minds, say what they mean – typically Caucasian culture, except for southern culture (80% of the time when talking to each other Caucasians make eye contact – very different in high context cultures who make eye contact with eye contact, but not making eye contact when listening symbolizes respect)
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High Context Culture
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Culture in which there is a need to read between lines – not very direct (Indians choosing the spouse of their sons and daughters based upon meal served to them by the potential spouse’s parents, ex. tea and bananas don’t go together = no weddings) SYMBOLISM
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Culture
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Learned system of meaning and behavior that is passed from one generation to the next (Carter and Qureshi, 1995). Note people from different racial groups may or may not share the same culture
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Minority
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Groups, who because of physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment (Wirth, 1945). Not necessarily small in number compared to the population
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Race
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- Concept traced to the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus 1735 who said humans could be placed into one of four groups (Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeaeus) based on genetic similarities.
- Controversial - Geneticists find hair texture, skin color, eye color, facial features are superficial differences (i.e. “black” people and “white” people share 99.9% of the same genetic material; 4-5 genes determine skin color - More genetic variability within races than between |
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Ethnicity
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- More fluid concept than race
- Shared sociocultural heritage, similar history, ancestry, etc. - Similar to culture in that it refers to the cultural values, beliefs, and norms that a person ascribes to and identifies with - May have several different ethnicities within any given race (i.e. Caucasian Eastern European verses Spanish verses Arab) |
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Multicultural Counseling Skills
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- Socializing client to process of counseling
- Have training and expertise in using assessment instruments with different cultural groups - Flexibility; variety of roles - Recovery skills |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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- Conflictual material (thoughts, feelings etc.) is “repressed” or kept out of consciousness because it’s too painful
- Because it’s emotionally charged (upsetting) it remains active and gets expressed, like through overt behavioral symptoms - Full awareness (insight) and consciously experiencing emotions (emotional catharsis) will result in symptom alleviation - Note how the past affects current behavior. |
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Psychoanalytic Process
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- Free-association
- Dream-analysis - Interpreting Resistance - Interpretation - Transference - Counter-transference - Working Through Phase |
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Transference
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Psychoanalytic strategy in which unresolved issues from the past get repeated in the present therapeutic relationship (ex. wanting client to project emotions onto therapist in order to work through it)
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Psychoanalyst Therapist Role
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- M.D. or Ph.D
- Job is to make interpretations - Maintain stance of neutrality and ambiguity - Cold and uncaring - No advice - No self-disclosure - Has undergone psychoanalysis her/himself |
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Psychoanalytic Relational Theory
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Newer theory, throws out Freudian sexual drive, believes people are relationship-driven (ex. if someone is depressed, does not mean fixation in oral period of development – instead means disconnection with self and/or others) – allows for more connective feedback, form relationship
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Phenomenological Point of View
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Client-centered view of human nature or people that is subjective (opp. to objective) – person’s perception of self and environment guides behavior – to understand someone’s behavior, must try to get into their head and see the world and their reality through their eyes
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
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In client-centered therapy, it is believed everyone instinctively grow in ways in which they can develop their own full potential – people desire to be all they can be, but environmental/social/other factors can get in the way
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Locus-of-Evaluation
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In client-centered therapy when the client is too preoccupied with how others feel about self (goal is to make it internal vs. external)
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Incongruence
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Being taught one way and learning it is okay to feel another way (ex. feeling angry is not ladylike, therapy teaches woman that anger is okay)
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