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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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the study of the lifelong, often age-related procces of change in the physical, cognitive,moral, emotional, and social domains of functioning; such changes are rooted in biological mechanisms that are genetically controlled but are also influenced by social interactions
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cross-sectional research design
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a method for conducting a research study that compares indivisuals of different ages to determine if and how they differ on some dimensions
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longitudinal research design
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a method for conducting a research study that follows indivisuals over a period of time to examine changes that have occured with aging
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
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embryo
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the prenatal organism from the fth through the 49th day after conception
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fetus
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the prenatal organism from the 8th week after conception until birth
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placenta
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a mass of tissue that is attached to the wall of the uterus and connted to the developing fetus by the umbilical cord; it supplies oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies and eliminates waste prodcuts
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critical period
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a time in the development of an organism when it is especially sensitive to certain enviromental influences; outside of that period, the same influences will have far less effect
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teratogen
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substance that can produces developmental malformationsduring the prenatal period
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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a set of physical, mental, and neurobehavioral birth defects that is associated with alcohol consumpsion during pregnancy is the leading known and preventable cause of mental retardation
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babinski reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to fan out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched
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moro reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to stretch out the arms and legs and cry in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the enviroment
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rooting reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to turn the head toward a light touch on lip or cheek
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sucking reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple is placed in the mouth
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grasping reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand
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schema
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in piaget's view, a specific mental structure; an organized way of interacting with the environment and experiencing it; a generalization a child makes based on comparable occurrences of various usually physical or motor, actions
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assimiliation
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according to piaget, the proccess by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors
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accommodation
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according the piaget the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences
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object permanence
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the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
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sensorimotor stage
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the first of piaget's four stages of cognitive development during which the child develops some motor coordination skills and a memory for past events
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babinski reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to fan out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched
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moro reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to stretch out the arms and legs and cry in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the enviroment
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rooting reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to turn the head toward a light touch on lip or cheek
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sucking reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple is placed in the mouth
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grasping reflex
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reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand
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schema
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in piaget's view, a specific mental structure; an organized way of interacting with the environment and experiencing it; a generalization a child makes based on comparable occurrences of various usually physical or motor, actions
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assimiliation
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according to piaget, the proccess by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors
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accommodation
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according the piaget the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences
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object permanence
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the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
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sensorimotor stage
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the first of piaget's four stages of cognitive development during which the child develops some motor coordination skills and a memory for past events
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preoperational stage
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piaget's second stage of cognitive development during which the child begins to represent the world symbolically
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egocentrism
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inability to perceive a situation or event except in relation to oneself; self centeredness
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decentration
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process of changing from a totally self-oriented pont of view to one that recognized other people's feelings and viewpoints
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concrete operational stage
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piaget's third stage of cognitive development during which the child develops the ability to understand constant factors in the evniroment, rules, and higher order symbolic systems
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conservation
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ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or physically, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume
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formal operational
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piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development during which the indivisual can think hypothetically, can consider future possibilities, and use deductive logic
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zone of proximal development
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the gap or difference between a child's curren abilities and what he is or she might accomplish with the help of guidance of a more skilled indivisual
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theory of mind
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a set of ideas about mental states such as feelings, desires, beliefs, and intentions about what cause role they play in human behavior
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attachment
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the strong emotional bond or connection that a person feels toward special people in his or her life
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socialization
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the process by which a person's behaviors, values, skills, plans, and attitudes conform to and and are adapted to those desired by society
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separation anxiety
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the distress or fear response that children feel when they are separated from a primary cargiver
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strange situation technique
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a procedure in which infants are obsereved with parents, separated from them briefly, and then reunited with them in order to assess attachment paterns
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temperament
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early emerging and long-lasting patterns in a individual's disposition and in the intensity and especially the quality of his or her emotional reactions
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morality
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a system of learned attitutes about social practices, institutions, and indivisual behavior used to evaluate situations and behaviors as right or wrong, good or bad.
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sex
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the biologically based category of male or female
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gender
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a socially culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine behaviors that are promoted and expected by society
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gender role
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a set of expectations in a given society about behaviors and responsibilities that are appropriate for males or females
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adolescence
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the period extending from the onset of puberty to early adulthood
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puberty
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the period during which the reproductive system matures; it begins with an increase in the production of sex hormones, which signals the end of childhood
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secondary sex characteristics
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the genetically determined physical features that differentiate the sexes but are not directly involved with reproduction
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imaginary audience
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a cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, in which they feel that they are always 'on stage' with an audience watching
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personal fable
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a cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, in which they believe that they are so special and unique that other people cannot understand them and that risky behaviors will not harm them.
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ethnic identity
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a feeling of membership in an ethnic or cultural group
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gender identity
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a person's sense of being male or female
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gender intensification
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the exaggeration of traditional male or female behaviors seen in some adolescents
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gender schema theory
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the theory that children and adolescents use gender as an organized theme to calssify and interpret their perceptions about the world and them selves
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androgynous
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having both stereotypically male and stereotypically female and characteristics
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osteroporosis
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a condition characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which increases of a break or fracture
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life expectancy
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the number of years a newborn can expect to live
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ageism
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prejudice toward, stereotyping of, and discrimination against any person or persons solely because of age
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dementia
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an impairment of mental fuctioning and global cognitive abilities in an otherwise alert individual, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature
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alzheimer's disease
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a chronic progressive disorder of the brain that is the most common cause of degenerative dementia in the U.S
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sensation
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process in which the sense organs receptor cells are stimulated and relay initial information to the brain for further processing
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perception
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process by which an organism selects and interprets sensory input so that it qcquires meaning
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bottom-up analysis
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analysis of the perceptual process that begins at the most fundamental level of sensation where a stimulus meets receptors and works up to more complex perceptual tasks involving interpretation
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top-down analysis
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analysis of perceptual phenomena that begins at the more complex level of the perceptual process, which aspects such as attention, concentration, and decision making, to see how these affect the identification of sensory stimuli
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absolute threshold
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a statistically determined minimum level of stimulation necessary to excite a perceptual system
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psychophysics
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subfield of psychology that focuses on the relationship between physical stimuli and people's conscious experiences of them
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subliminal perception
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perception that occurs below the threshold of awareness
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signal detection theory
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theory that holds that an observer's perception depends not only on the intensity of a stimulus but also on the observer's motivation, on the criteria he or she sets for the stimulus, and on the background noise
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selective attention
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the purposeful focusing on conscious awareness on a specific stimulus or event in the environment to the conclusion of other stimuli or events
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electromagnetic radiation
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the entire spectrum of waves initiated by the movement of charged particles
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light
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the small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
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retina
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a multilayered network of neurons that line the back of the eyball and generate signals in response to the light
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myopic
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able to see things that are close clearly but having trouble seeing objects at a distance. nearsighted
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hyperopic
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able to see objects at a distance clearly but having trouble seeing things up close. farsighted
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photoreceptors
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the light-sensitive cells in the retina- the rods are the cones
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rods
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rod-shaped receptors in the retina that are primarily responsible for vision at low levels of illumination and are not especially responsive to either fine detail or variations in wavelength
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cones
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cone-shaped receptors in the retina that are primarily responsible for vision at high levels of illumination and responsive to fine details and to variations in wavelength
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transduction
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process by which a perceptual system converts stimuli into electrical impulses; also known as coding
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convergence
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the synapsing of electrochemical signals from many rods or cones onto one bipolar cell
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dark adaptation
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the increase in sensitivity to light that occurs when the illumination level changes from high to low, causing the photopigments in the rods and cones to regenerate
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visual cortex
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the most important area of brain's occipital lobe, which receives and further processes visual information from the lateral geniculate nucleus; also known as striate cortex
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optic chiasm
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point at which half of the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over and connect to the other side of the brain
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receptive fields
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areas of the retina that, when stimulated, produce a change in the firing of cells in the visual system
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saccades
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rapid voluntary movements of eyes
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hue
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the psychological property referred to as "color," determined by the wavelengths of light reflected
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brightness
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the lightness or darkness of a hue, determined in the large part of the intensity of reflected light
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saturation
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the depth and richness of a hue, determined by the homogeneity of the wavelengths of the reflected light; also known as purity
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trichromatic theory
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theory that proposed that different types of cones provide the basis for color coding in the visual system that all colors can be made by mixing three basic colors red green blue; also known as young-yelmholz theory
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color blindness-
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the inability to perceieve different hues
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opponent-process theory
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theory proposed by herring, that there are six basic colors and color is coded by varying responses of three types of paired receptors; red-gree, blue-yellow, and white-black
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trichromats
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people who can percieve all three basic colors and thus can distinguish any hue
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monochromats
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people who cannot perceive any color, usally because their retinas lack cones
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dichromats
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people who can distinguish only two of the three basic colors
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size constancy
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ability of the visual perceptual system to recognize that an object remains constant in size regardedless of its distance from the observer or the size of its image on the retina
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shape constancy
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ability of the visual perceptual system to recognize a shape despite changes i its orientation or the angle from which it is viewed
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monocular depth cues
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cues for depth perception that do not depend on the use of both eyes
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accommodation
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the change in the shape of the lens of the eye that enables the observe to keep an object in focus on the retina when the object is moved or when the observer focuses on an object at a different distance
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binocular depth cues
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cues for depth perception that require the use of both eyes
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retinal disparity
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the slight difference between the visual images projected on the two retinas
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convergence
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the movement of the eyes inward, toward each other, to keep visual stimulation at corresponding points on the retinas as an object moves closer to the observer
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illusion
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a perception of a physical stimulus that differs from a measurable reality or from what is commonly expected
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agnosia
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an inability to recognize a sensory stimulus that should be recognizable, despite having normal intact perceptual systems for detecting color, shape, and motion and no verbal memory, or intellectual impairments
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law of pragnanz
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the gestalt notion that when items or stimuli can be grouped together and seen as a whole, they will be
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sound
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the psychological experience that occurs when changes in air pressure stimulate the receptive organ hearing
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frequency
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the number of complete sound waves passing a point per unit of time; measred in hertz
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pitch
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the psychological experience that corresponds with the frequency of and auditory stimulus; also known as tone
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amplitude
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the toal energy of a sound wave, which determines the loudness of the sound; also known as intensity
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conduction deafness
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deafness resulting from interference with the sound transmission of the sound to the inner ear
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sensorineural
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deafness resulting from damage to the cochlea, the auditory nerve, or auditory processing area in the brain
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olfaction
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the sense of smell
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endorphins
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painkillers that are produced naturally in the brain and the pituitary gland
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