Psych 460 Memory

Front 1

Encoding-

Back 1

the acquisition of information

Front 2

Retention-

Back 2

holding information in memory over time

Front 3

Retrieval-

Back 3

remembering the past

Front 4

Rehearsal-

Back 4

discussing the past/rehearsing

Front 5

Retrieval Tasks (3)

Back 5

Recognition, cued recall, free recall

Front 6

Recognition-

Back 6

selection from a list of items
- Multiple choice tests
- Which distracters are used impacts on
o Ease/difficulty, what can be learned about how much memory exists?, people usually do best on recognition test

Front 7

Cued Recall-

Back 7

Given some information or cue to base your retrieval
- Short answer test

Front 8

Free recall-

Back 8

report everything you can about the past
- Essay test

Front 9

Relationship between confidence and accuracy with penny memory-

Back 9

The higher the confidence, the higher the accuracy

Front 10

Details of commonplace items are often NOT encoded. What IS encoded for common things?

Back 10

features that make the items identifiable and usable—Their FUNCTIONS.

Front 11

Flashbulb Memories-

Back 11

Vivid recall of the circumstances in which one first learned of an important, unexpected, event.
- No proof they are accurate
- High levels of emotion lead to poor accuracy

Front 12

Brown and Kulik’s argument of FBM-

Back 12

rehearsals occur for FB events more than other events
- The rehearsal process draws its contents from the unchanging FB
- As a byproduct, it also allows for a more complete verbal narrative to be created

Front 13

Now Print” mechanism-

Back 13

Once it is encoded, it’s permanent. Sense of accuracy.
- Evolved b/c it increases odds of survival.

Front 14

Who came up with this notion? FBs are accurate, FBs are created at the time when one hears the news.emotionality are related to consequentiality

Back 14

Brown and Kulik

Front 15

Modern Neural findings-

Back 15

amygdale (emotion center of brain) only lit up in ppl who were close to 9/11 when it happened. Find that this explains something other than Now Print.

Front 16

Neisser’s argument of FBM-

Back 16

Emotion and memory = special memory (may include repression)
- FB’s occur after the fact due to rehearsal
- Not snapshots, but are benchmarks
- Canonical categories cued recall

Front 17

Canonical categories of FBM

Back 17

6 canonical categories: place, informant, own affect, affect of others, ongoing event, aftermath.

Front 18

Wrong time slices-

Back 18

later events become confused as original ones

Front 19

External source monitoring

Back 19

(trying to remember the source of an experience, tv is a common error)

Front 20

TV Bias-

Back 20

External source monitoring—trying to remember the source of an experience. TV is often mistaken for the original hearing of the FB

Front 21

Accuracy of FBM-

Back 21

Not accurate. People feel they are confident because of the vividness.

Front 22

Personal Event Memories:

Back 22

Specific event that took place at a particular time and place
- Contains a detailed account of rememberer’s own personal circumstances at the time of the event—can be narrated.
- Accompanied by sensory images
- Details and images correspond to a particular moment of phenomenal experience

Front 23

FBM vs. Personal Event Memories:

Back 23

They are similar, but you don’t hear about personal event memories.. they happen to you

Front 24

Types of Memory

Back 24

(Semantic, Episodic, Generic)

Front 25

Semantic-

Back 25

Common cultural knowledge of concepts shared by individuals within a culture.
- develops from continual exposure of similar events (Linton’s use)
-exists in memory as a semantic network of associations among these concepts.
-- Associations include: “is a” between more specific and more general concepts.
-- “property” in which concepts contain specific characteristics

Front 26

Episodic-

Back 26

memory for a specific episode or event
- Same as a personal event memory (when autobiographical)
- Contains images of perceptions (sights, sounds, etc.) that are “assumed” to have occurred in the original episode

Front 27

Generic-

Back 27

what typically happens, and who is typically present, and what they typically say

Front 28

Consider Bahrick, Hall, and Berger study-

Back 28

Reported grades checked against recorded grades- Grades reported higher than they were higher than they were recorded—if they remember being satisfied with their B
- Contained Bias

Front 29

Possible gender differences and the nature/nurture debate-

Back 29

Women are socialized to be more concerned with interpersonal relationships
- Greater levels of rehearsal, more vividness and possibly accuracy.
- Women date events more accurately in comparison to men
- Men better at Mental Rotation task

Front 30

Consider the Ross and Holmberg study-

Back 30

^^^ Took couples and asked them questions about their first dates NURTURE ARGUMENT

Front 31

Consider the Sex, Shopping and Thinking Pink article- Hypothesis:

Back 31

women remember the locations of food resources better than men
- Men and women led through farmers market and asked to point to the stands where they tried food.
- Genetic differences.. chicks like pink and red hues.
- NATURE ARGUMENT

Front 32

Childhood Amnesia contrasted with normal forgetting-

Back 32

Freud believed amnesia to be a result of repression of feelings associated with infantile sexuality
- Onset of childhood amnesia appears around age 5
- Don’t lose all childhood memories completely

Front 33

Screen memory-

Back 33

Childhood memories that hide emotionally laden memories within the guise of triviality

Front 34

Cued word method-

Back 34

Galton Crovitz method.. bunch of words.. write a memory and when the memory happened.