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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the left hemisphere do?
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Controls the right side of the body.
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Where is language function located in the brain?
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In the left hemisphere (if the person is right handed). Verbal/phonological information active in working memory also occurs here.
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Where is visual information active in working memory?
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In the right hemisphere.
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What is the corpus collosum?
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It is a bundle of axons that connects the hemispheres and sends information between them.
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What does the frontal lobe do?
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Location of working memory, planning, motor movements.
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What does the parietal lobe do?
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Sensory from body (touch) and taste
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What does the temporal lobe do?
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Auditory information
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What does the occipital lobe do?
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Visual
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What does Broca's area do?
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Controls motor speech.. If this area is damaged, then there will be slow, halting speech.
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What does Wernicke's area do?
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Sensory speech (where the articulators are). Trauma leads to fluent "word salad" and poor speech understanding.
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What is the limbic system?
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1) Hippocampus
2) Amygdala |
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Where does the hippocampus reside?
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Inside the medial temporal lobe.
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If there is damage to the hippocampus, what is the result?
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Dense anterograde amnesia.
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What is the amygdala responsible for?
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Arousal and emotional responses. Implicated in remembering emotional experiences.
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Where is higher decision making made?
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In the prefrontal cortex.
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Where do we get this "information processing" notion?
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From communications engineering and computer science.
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Describe what communications engineering has to do with information processing.
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Limited capacity channels (telephone lines)...
In humans - Can the system become overloaded? YES.. just like communication systems. |
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How is a human mind like a computer?
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Hardware in humans are the processing components in the brain. The software is analogous to various cognitive operations that we perform on information (like consciousness).
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STOP and look at the model on ..
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page 1 of Information processing section (first section)!
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What kind of memory is this: Encodes information and converts symbolic pattern to verbal mental code. Briefly holds verbal mental code in preconscious state providing opportunity for additional processing.
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Sensory memory
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What kind of memory is this: Become consciously aware of information. Central processor decides that retrieval from LTM is necessary to derive answer. Control processes initiate search in LTM and maintain information.
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Short-term memory
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What kind of memory is this: Holds information for the long-term. Control processes in STM retrieve information from LTM that indeed, a robin has wings.
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Long-term memory
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Describe the encoding process for auditory memory.
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It is automatic (conversion to mental code)
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Describe the capacity of auditory memory.
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Very large- anything loud enough to be heard. Attention (STM) limits amount that is processed. Attention redirected demonstrates that sensory register is a true memory store.
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What is the duration of auditory memory?
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2 to 4 seconds (in sensory transfer)
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T or F: For visual sensory memory-- Once attention is on the fovea (central focus), visual memory cannot be redirected to peripheral information?
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False.
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Describe the encoding of visual memory.
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Automatic.
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Describe the capacity of visual memory.
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Very large... Anything in visual field.
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What is the duration of visual memory?
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Short. 1/4 to 1/2 of a second (unlike sound). Connected flashlight path illustrates duration.. when he waved the umbrella-- don't see just an umbrella you see a blur.
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Which type of memory could be called conscious awareness?
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Short-term memory
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To encode in short-term memory, you need ___________.
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Controlled attention.
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How does encoding for short-term memory work?
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Sensory registers receive information from external world. STM receives information from internal world, sensory stores, and LTM.
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What is the capacity for STM?
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7 +- 2 units.
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The control processors in STM (in capacity) can retrieve information from LTM. T or F?
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True.
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To remember a phone number, your STM utilizes what type of rehearsal?
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Maintenance rehearsal
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T or F: You are aware of your control processors?
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Trick question. Most are unconscious, but some are conscious (remembering a phone number).
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T or F: STM can recode information in chunks to increase amount of information held.
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True.
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Describe encoding for LTM.
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Can happen purposely or automatically. synonymous with initial storage and learning. STM rehearsal is a controlled process that can lead to LTM encoding.
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What is the capacity for LTM?
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Unlimited.
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What is the duration for LTM?
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Limited either through retrieval based (information is inaccessible) or storage-based (information in unavailable) forgetting.
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Most mental processes begin as _________ (automatic vs. controlled).
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Controlled.
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If there is interference when doing two tasks, then process is (automatic vs. controlled)?
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Controlled.
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What are the four concepts tied to knowledge representation for information processing?
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Autobiographical memories
Autobiographical facts Semantic Procedural |
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What is an example of an autobiographical memory?
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"Knowing about"
Episodic and Generic. what I had for dinner tonight vs. usually have.. |
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What is an example of an autobiographical fact?
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"Knowing what"
Mother's maiden name, street address, etc. |
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What is an example of a semantic memory?
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"Knowing that" "General world knowledge"
Robins have wings and red breasts. |
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What is an example of Procedural memory?
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"Knowing how"
Speaking English, riding a bike, using a computer, etc. |
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What is the Brown-Peterson task?
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Present to-be-remembered (TBR) information that does not strain capacity limits.
Introduce a task that prevents rehearsal of TBR information. Vary length of retention interval. Recall TBR. |
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What is the duration of STM?
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15-20 sec
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What is the interpretation of Brown-Peterson's task?
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Even 3 items cannot be maintained in STM for long.
Results considered by B-P as evidence of DECAY (natural decay) Filler activity only prevented rehearsal.. Because filler activity categorically dissimilar from TBR info, interference should not occur. |
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Describe Waugh and Norman's task of STM.
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Developed probe-digit task.
REad series of 16 digits At end of series is unique probe-digit (occurred only once in 16) Task is to recall number which immediately followed probe-digit when originaly presented in series of 16... |
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What is Waugh and Norman eventually find from doing their probe-digit task?
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Both interference and decay perform the same...
Cannot directly test for decay for being responsible for loss of info.... requires preventing both rehearsal and interference. |
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What is the "magical number" for STM as far as capacity is concerned?
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7 plus or minus 2
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When recoding and using mnemonics, what happens?
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Involves applying a scheme (mnemonic) to chunk information.
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What does Working memory refer to?
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The "place" where conscious mental effort (controlled processing) is applied.
The Mental workplace for manipulation of incoming and retrieved (from LTM) information. |
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What are the two "codes" in working memory?
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1) Phonological/verbal code
2) Visual code |
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T or F: Some tasks are easier/faster when using a different "code" (for working memory).
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True. A visual task is easier when using a visual code and a verbal task is faster using a verbal code.
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What did Baddeley and colleagues conclude about interfering tasks (in working memory)?
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Manipulated the same type of codes processed in the same working memory component.
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What did Baddeley and colleagues conclude about non-interfering tasks (in working memory)?
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Manipulated two different tyupes of codes with each code being processed in their respective working memory components.
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What are the three components of working memory?
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1) Central executive
2) Visuospatial sketchpad 3) phonological loop |
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Describe the Central executive component of working memory.
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Includes both conscious and nonconscious control processes to direct flow of info into/out of other working memory components and long-term memory.
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The visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop and two components of the working memory. What are they known as to the central executive?
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Slave systems.
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What are explicit memories?
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Things consciously recollected such as where you were when you heard the news of the world trade towers being hit by airplanes. Aware of the event as occurring in the past.
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What are implicit memories?
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Is memory that is not deliberate or conscious but that shows evidence of prior learning and storage. Not aware of any event as occurring in the past.
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What is another name for explicit memory?
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Declarative
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What is another name for implicit memory?
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Nondeclarative.
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What are the two main pieces under Long term memory taxonomy?
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Declarative (explicit) and nondeclarative (implicit) memory.
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According to the long term memory taxonomy, what are th three parts under declarative memory (explicit) ?
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Episodic, Generic, Semantic
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According to the long term memory taxonomy, what are the two parts under nondeclarative memory (implicit)?
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Procedural, priming and conditioning.
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Retrograde amnesia is a failure to remember ______ events.
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past
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Where in the brain does it appear that retrograde amnesia takes place?
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Frontal lobes.
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The inability to effectively store and retrieve new information is known as...?
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Anterograde amnesia.
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Where in the brain does it appear that anterograde amnesia takes place?
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Hippocampus
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Anterograde amnesia affects ______ but not ______ memory.
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LTM , working
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LOOK AT
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HM QUESTIONS!!!!
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With neutral events, recollection is associated with better or worse accuracy?
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Better accuracy. And heightened contextual detail.
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With emotional events, recollection is associated with better or worse accuracy?
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Worse. It is also NOT associated with heightened contextual detail.
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How would one judge an emotional memory based on accuracy?
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We would judge it as accurate because we "feel" we remember it well.
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Do emotional events heighten recollection?
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Yes.
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How is the amygdala involved in emotional memories?
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It faciliates the storage of memories of emotional events and improves memory and enhances recollective experience.
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The hippocampus (parahippocampal cortex) enhances recollective experience for ________ stimuli.
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Neutral
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T or F: The same brain structures are responsible for the psychological judgment of emotional and neutral stimuli.
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False! Different ones structures!
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Describe the think/no-think paradigm.
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Participants given a list of unrelated pairs that are learned to criterion...
Ex- Ordeal (cue) --> roach (target) Then, several trials are done... "Think": given cue (ordeal) and asked to provide response (roach) "No think": Given cue (miracle) and asked not to think of response (camera) Baseline: no cue given Final test to see if they remember target when given cue. |
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What did the "think" trials result in for the think/nothink paradigm?
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Best memory.
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What did the "no think" trials result in for the think/nothink paradigm?
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Worst memory.
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What did the think/nothink paradigm results suggest overall?
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Actual forgetting. No think leads to inhibition of ordinary activation. Indicates that in "no think" condition, the response is not accessed at all.
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______________ is associated with deactivation of both hippocampus and amygdala.
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Suppression.
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Persons with ADHD, depression, and PTSD may have deficits in activating ________ _________ ______ that leads to suppression.
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Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
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What are some potential benefits to forgetting/suppressing memories?
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Control unwanted memories
Avoid remembering unpleasant events Need to control intrusive memories (9/11, hurricanes and tornadoes, other traumatic experiences) |
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What is the role of a memory metaphor?
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To relate what is not well understood to something that is better understood (physical things).
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What is Aristotle and Plato's metaphor for memory?
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Wax tablets.
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Why would a wax tablet be a good metaphor for memory?
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Varies in hardness, deep/shallow indentions, erasure with time (melt in sun), storage based forgetting.
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What is William James and Sigmund Freud's memory metaphor?
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House with rooms. Rooms are categories with information.
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What is a nonspatial memory metaphor?
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Woodworth's muscle analogy. Some are stronger, some are weaker.
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