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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is language?
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sequence of arbitrary symbols which are combined in an orderly fashion
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phonology
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governs seq of phenomes
phoneme: basic speech sounds that differ in their distinctive features |
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morphology
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governs sequencing of morphemes
morpheme: smallest unit of language that carry meaning (e.g. help vs helper) |
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syntax
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ways that words can be combined to form acceptable phrases/sentences
"i went to the store" vs. "i store to the went" |
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semantics
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meanings of words/sentences-vocabulary
rules governing meaning |
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pragmatics
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knowledge underlying the use of language in context (high vs. low context, etc.) taking turns, staying on topic, language customs/routines etc.
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learning/behaviorist theories
1. role of envir in lang dev 2. learning prin that contribute to lang dev 3. extent to which lang dev resembles other types of learning |
1. emphasizes role of envir to facilitate childrens learning
2. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, imitation 3. underlying principles of language development are same as all domains |
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biological/nativist theories of language development
1. role of envir in lang dev 2. learning pin that contribute to lang dev 3. extent which lang dev resembles other types of learning |
1. humans bio wired to learn language at certain time in particular way
2. language acquisition device: special language learning mechanism embodying knowledge about general nature of grammars 3. language is not learned like other types of behavior |
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critiques of learning/behaviorist theories
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association: referential opacity
imitation: rare reinforcement: rare 2b dir reinforced |
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language acquisition devise? what types of knowledge does it embody?
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knowledge about general nature of grammars (across all languages)
-formal and substantive universals: properties that all lang share (hierarchical, has categories) parameters: aspects of lang that vary w/in specific limits across languages |
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what is a sensitive period?
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lang is maturational process occuring from 18 m. to puberty
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2 evidences of sensitive period in lang acquisition
lenneberg: severe deprivation johnson/newport: second language learning |
genie: limited lang input, acquired some lang only 3-word utterances, lacking gramatical skills
chinese and dorean american immigrants (3-39 years) strong linear rel. btw age of exposure and mastery of grammar (sign deficits after puberty) |
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3 constraints that guide children's word learning
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whole object assumption: child pairs word w/ entire object rather than specific features of the object
taxanomic assumption: how labels are generalized across novel exemplars mutual exclusivity: assumption children initially have that an object has 1 label only |
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children's social knowledge contributes to language learning
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infants are sensitive to social stimuli, understand goal-directed action and attentional/emotional states of others
by 18 months: infants use actor's gaze to map objects to their referents -uses another's emotional expression to infer the target of her referent (selectively pick what experimenter looks at and labels) chooses obj that experimenter emotionally affirmed w/o ever seeing the actual object |
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major milestones in lang dev
begin to babble prod 1st words demonstrate vocab spurt 2 word utterances? |
babble: 4-6 months
1st words: 10-13 months vocab spurt: 18 months 2 word utterance: 18 months |
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bootstrapping
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using 1 aspect of language knowledge to facilitate another aspect of language knowledge (grammar use to det. semantic knowledge)
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overextension
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overextension of words to ojbects that are percpetually similar to the words' correct referents, and sometimes also to objects that are functionally similar
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underextension
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using word only for specific category, instead of whta word generally means (ex. cat only for family pet)
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