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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do drugs affect synaptic activity?
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Bind with receptors, block receptors, block re-uptake, inhibit neurotransmitters inactivation, alter release of neurotransmitters, prevent the action potential.
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What are agonist drugs?
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They mimic natural neurotransmitters, they activate the matching receptor.
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What are antagonist drugs?
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They block receptor sites.
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What happens when a drug blocks reuptake?
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There is increased neurotransmitter levels in the synapse.
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What happens when drugs inhibit enzymes?
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Results in increased neurotransmitters in the synapse.
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What happens when drugs enter the axon?
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They displace NTs from vesicles.
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What happens when a drug blocks the ion channel?
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It prevents action potential from being generated.
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Is tolerance the same as addiction?
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No. Addiction is a chronic relapsing disease. 80% of addicts relapse within the first year.
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What is the reward circuit?
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Includes several areas of the brain rich in dopamine, including parts of the midbrain (VTA), limbic system and basal ganglia and parts of the frontal lobes.
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What are the criteria for substance dependency?
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Tolerance, Withdrawal, Taken in larger amounts overtime, Loss of control, preoccupation, social change, continued use
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What is reward deficiency?
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After prolonged drug use, dopamine neurons in the reward circuit cease to function normally and lose their normal responsiveness.
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Why do some people get hooked?
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There is no gene for addiction, drug chemistry, environmental factors and role of classical conditioning.
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What are the brain stems 3 major functions?
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The brainstem: serves as a two-way information highway betwen brain and body, responsible for basic life support functions, and plays a key role in consciousness and REM.
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What does the brainstem consist of?
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The medulla oblongata, the pons, the mid brain and the reticular formation.`
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What is the medulla oblongata?
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The first part of the brain stem and a continuation of the spinal cord; it consists mostly of white matter. The white matter tracts consist of two-way highways. Throughout, are several nuclei that serve in controlling vital body functions such as: muscle tone, pulse, gastrointestinal activity, swallowing, blinking, coughing etc.
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What is the Pons?
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Located above the medulla oblongata, major source of NE, serotonin and acetylecholine.
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What is the locus coeruleus?
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A tiny area of the pons, composed of 12,000 neurons. Primary manufacturer of NE. Can form as many as 250k synapses each. = arousal, attention and sleep-wake.
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What are raphe nuclei?
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Consists of nine clusters of nuclei that lie along the mid line of the brain stem, 7 of which in pons, 1 in medulla o. and 1 in mid brain. Raphe nuclie produce almost all of the brains serotonin.
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What is the lateral tegmental area?
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Nuclei found in the junction of the pons and the midbrain; manufactures acetylcholine.
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What is the most common mental health disorder?
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Panic disorders affect at least 3 million people in the US.
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What is the midbrain?
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Located just above the pons, involved in movement, vision and hearing.
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What is the tectum?
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Contains neurons that play key roles in visual and auditory information and control. It has two important structures: the inferior and superior colliculi.
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What is the inferior colliculi?
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Receives auditory input from the ears and controls relexive movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.
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What are the superior colliculi?
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Receives direct input from the eyes and integrates visual and motor input. Coordinates head and eye movement in response to visual stimuli.
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What is the reticular activating system?
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An interconnected network of neurons projecting from the medulla upward through the midbrain and downward toward the spinal cord. Key role in arousal/attention. Sensory filtering and optimal level of brain arousal.
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
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Sensory-motor integration, coordination, balance and posture.
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What happens if the cerebellum is malfunctioning?
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Problems including: movement disorders, decreased muscle tone, speech problems and problems in limb coordination.
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What are some reasons for autism?
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Malformation in cerebellum, missing area in pons, abnormally large brain size etc.
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What is the diencephalon?
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Located just above the brainstem. Not technically part of the brainstem, composed of two major structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
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What is the thalamus?
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It consists of two large egg-shaped structures found at the very center of the brain. It is the receiving station for all sensory information entering the brain. Attention/Consciousness. Consists of 15 nuclei.
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What is the hypothalamus?
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About the size of a pea, referred to as the brain of the brain. It is the central coordinating center. Functions: homeostasis, regulation of ANS, sex drive, drinking and thrist, emotions, memory etc.
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Who is Karen Ann Quinlan?
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In 1975, a young woman combined gin, valium and darvon. She remained in a vegetative state for 10 years before dying.
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What is homeostasis?
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Process of maintaining physiological constancy or equilibrium. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis through two main outputs: the Autonomic Nervous System and the Endocrine System.
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What is the pituitary gland?
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It is suspended from the bottom of the hypothalamus. Consists of two lobes, anterior and posterior.
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What is the posterior pituitary glands function?
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Releases two important hormones manufactured by the hypothalmus. Oxytocin and vasopression (influences blood pressure)
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What is the anterior pituitary gland's function?
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Connected by only special capillaries. Produces hormones: thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone etc.
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What is Gonadotropin releasing hormone?
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When the hypothalmus detects that concentrations of a sex hormone in the blood have dropped below the set-point it releases this.
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What is the Medial Preoptic area?
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Plays a major role in stimulating copulatory behavior in males.
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What is the Sexually dimorphic nucleus?
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Especially important for male sexual activity and is much larger in males. The amount of sexual activity increases with the size.
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What is the ventral-medial nucleus?
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More important for female sexual activity.
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What helps regulate body temperature?
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The hypothalamus, the anterior and preoptic nuclei monitor temperature of blood. It does so by sending messages to blood vessels to constrict sweat glands to reduce perspiration.
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What is the lateral hypothalamus?
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It is the brain's key "start eating" center.
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What is the ventral-medial hypothalamus?
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Serves as the brain's satiation or "stop eating center."
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What is ghrelin?
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The first hormone known to stimulate human appetite. Produced primarily in the stomach.
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What is neuropeptide Y?
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A potent appetite stimulator produced in a part of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus.
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What is obsetatin?
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An appetite supressing hormone. Manufactured in the stomach and small intestine from the same precursor molecule as ghrelin.
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What is leptin?
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What leptin is released into the blood stream, it acts to regulate appetite. It inhibits the released of NPY.
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What are circadian rhythms?
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A variety of psychobiological activities: sleep/wake cycle, hormonal levels, neurotransmitter levels, energy level, heart rate etc.
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What are ultradian rhythms?
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Repeat more than once a day. Ex: four stages of non-dream sleep
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What are infradian rhythms?
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Occur over periods longer than a day.
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What are suprachiasmatic nuclei?
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Located just above the optic chiasm, is the brain's master clock. Pair of pin-sized brain structures.
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What are zeitgebers?
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Ambient temperature, the beeping of your alarm clock, school bells or timing of your meals.
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What is the pineal gland?
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Light-sensitive suprachiasmatic nuclei signal the tiny gland to secrete melatonin. It's the "Darkness" gland.
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How many stages are there to sleep?
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5 stages including REM
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What are dyssomnias?
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Sleep disorders characterized by disturbances in sleep.
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What are circadian rhythms?
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A variety of psychobiological activities: sleep/wake cycle, hormonal levels, neurotransmitter levels, energy level, heart rate etc.
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What are ultradian rhythms?
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Repeat more than once a day. Ex: four stages of non-dream sleep
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What are infradian rhythms?
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Occur over periods longer than a day.
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What are suprachiasmatic nuclei?
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Located just above the optic chiasm, is the brain's master clock. Pair of pin-sized brain structures.
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What are zeitgebers?
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Ambient temperature, the beeping of your alarm clock, school bells or timing of your meals.
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What is the pineal gland?
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Light-sensitive suprachiasmatic nuclei signal the tiny gland to secrete melatonin. It's the "Darkness" gland.
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How many stages are there to sleep?
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5 stages including REM
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What are dyssomnias?
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Sleep disorders characterized by disturbances in sleep.
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