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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is non-nepotistic sociality? |
reciprocity (direct and indirect) -direct: immediate exchange of benefits -indirect: benefitted another time (nepotism = favouritism of family; non must be NOT favouring family/ or favouring non relatives) |
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What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? |
-prisoners separated -A silent, B silent, both pay a fine -A silent, B betrays, A gets 10 years -A betrays, B silent, B gets 10 years -A betrays, B betrays, both 5 years |
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What does the Prisoner's Dilemma demonstrate? |
-a symmetrical reciprocal situation -reputation promotes cooperation -cooperation minimizes loses, and maximizes gains -favoured by evolution: minimizing losses helps pass on genes |
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What is reciprocal altruism? |
-altruism: behaviour that helps another individual at a cost to the actor -applies to non-kin, only help individuals that help you -"you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" |
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What is kin selection? |
-natural selection that favours helping behavior to their kin, risks survival of helper, but increases survival of kin (their genes) |
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What is altruism? (nepotistic and non-nepotistic evolved) |
-altruism to kin can be satisfying even if never repaid; payback = indirect gain of reproductive success via inclusive fitness -altruism to non-relative will be selected against unless actually repaid |
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what are common pool resources? |
-resources that people have collective rights and/or abilities to use, and whose value is depleted by each individual's use |
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what are "free-riders" in pool resources? what is this also known as? |
-those who take benefits without paying their share; those who pay are "suckers" -known as tragedy f the commons |
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why do we need to punish free riders? |
-to prevent the tragedy and maintain common pool resources |
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What are the typical outcome of a public goods game? |
-most players donate SOME of their money to the public good, with donations decreasing over rounds (no one wants to be the sucker) -decreases faster when players know how much each person contributes (promotes free riders) |
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In a public goods game, how do they punish free riders? who is it costly to? |
-can pay to have another player's pay reduced -costly to punisher, but even more mostly to the party being punished |
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Can a costly punishment to cheaters maintain contributions to a public good? |
-yes -when players punish specific player, contributions increase -without punishment, decline in contributions |
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Can generosity be a signal of mate quality? |
-yes; if an individual can successfully do something dangerous/difficult, and there is a audienct to see, this "showing off" can be an honest indicator of quality |
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when men hunt large game, what does that signal? |
-an honest signal of their phenotypic quality (expertise, strength) -even though women's caloric contributions are more reliable than men's |
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Why is it important to have a good reputation? |
-reputation is built on success (i.e hunting an animal) -it is difficult to succeed; when you succeed in difficult task, you get good rep. -benefits to hunter for having the status successful rep -benefits to others (material and info) |
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How is the meat shared? |
-shared with everyone; hunter's family does not get special treatment -group leader distributes the food -indirect benefits of hunting for the hunter's family |
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Do eyes make people donate more? |
-yes; donate more with eye poster than flower poster (someone watching them) |
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What factors affect if reciprocal altruism isselected for? (reading) |
-when there are many altruistic situations -when an altruist repeatedly interacts with the same set of small individuals -when pairs of altruists are exposed symmetrically to an altruistic situation (able to gain similar benefits at same costs) (biological parameters of these conditions: length of lifetime, dispersal rate, degree of mutual dependance, parental care, dominance hierarchy, aid in cobat) |
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Can reciprocal altruism occur between species? (reading) |
-YES! if it is dispensed non-randomly, regarding altruistic tendencies of recipient -in this case, altruistic acts do not depend on the same allele at the same locus -altruist alleles would be favoured as long as altruists restrict their altruism for fellow altruists -this argument applies to altruistic acts exchanged between members of different species; the exchange favours altruism, not the allele that will directly benefit another organism -Hamilton's rule does not agree with this |
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People willingness to punish? (reading) |
-when dealing with cheaters; selection will discriminate against the cheater if the kin of the helper (who died saving the cheater) are willing to punish lack of reciprocity --> avenge their death!!! -generalized altruism; when in a group a 2+ people, and there is a cheater in the situation, punishment comes from the individual in the exchange and from others in the system |
