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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Cerebral aquaduct
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connects from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle
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• Choroid plexus
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a vascular tissue that protrudes into ventricles and produces CFS; located in the ventricles
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• Primary motor cortex
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. Ventral to dorsal-Face, Arms, trunk, Legs Superior to Inferior: Legs, Trunk, Arms, Face
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• Primary sensory cortex
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• Primary sensory cortex: In Parietal Lobe, and by the primary motor cortex. Ventral to dorsal: Face, arms, trunk, legs.
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• Primary auditory cortex:
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beneath the lateral fissure, and located in the temporal lobe.
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• Primary visual cortex
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in occipital lobe
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• Broca’s area
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Where speech is produced,
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• Wernicke’s area
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: understanding written and spoken language
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• Insular cortex
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: inside the cortex, we can’t see but in charge of pri-mortal functions, such as hunger, craving, and sex. Even smoking, when they damaged this area, people generally stopped smoking.
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• Olfactory bulbs
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• neurogenesis occurs
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• Optic chiasm
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: Located right below the hypothalamus; where the optic nerves cross
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• Medial longitudinal fissure (also known as the interhemispheric fissure
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deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the brain
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• Hippocampus:
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Part of the limbic cortex and is involved in Formation of NEW memory (looks like a sea horse) . If hippocampus is removed, you will find that you can’t process new memory, for it prepares memory to be stored. Also neurogenesis occurs
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How a hippocampi can die
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Also, it can die in three ways: 1. Cut it out 2. Hippocampi uses the most oxygen, so if oxygen deprived for even just five minutes, die. 3. Through infection (viral encephalitis) Since hippocampus has a high metabolism, it will wipe out the hippocampi if infected.
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• Amygdala
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• Amygdala: gets information first, and is mainly in charge of emotional responses and threat. It recognizes fearful things. It is almond shape. After it detects threat, it goes to the hippocampus. Located in the inferior rostral temporal lobe; contains a set of nuclei
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• Corpus callosum
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: white matter bridge that connects corresponding regions, mainly left to right hemisphere
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• Cerebellum
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little brains; involved in total motor coordination, INTEGRATE MOVEMENT, and similar to the cortex. Connected by the vermis (like the corpus callosum); involved in postural adjustment, and if those with alcohol can have ataxia, or absence of coordinated motor movements. stores some memory imperative for simple motor response.
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• Pons
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Part of the Hindbrain. It is used for “need for life” functions such at heart rate and breathing, and other automatic functions
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• Medulla oblongata:
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Part of the hindbrain: like pons, used for “need for life” functions, and area of poison detection for area postrema is located here.
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• Thalamus
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It is the relay center, and relays information to necessary parts of the cortex. Part of the Diencephalon. Has two large nuclei. Below is the hypothalamus
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• Cingulate gyrus
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: part of the limbic system, lies just above the corpus callosum,
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Fornix
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it is the exit ramp from the hippocampus, and it takes info and sends it out to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus than then initates the release of hormones
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• Mamillary bodies
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At the end of hypothalamus, receives info from the fornix, and part of the limbic system. With alcoholism, it shrinks, causing memory loss…repeating same things over and over.
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• Reticular formation
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. It is right above the pons, and important for alertness, arousal, and respiration. Damage will likely cause death.
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1. What are higher cortical functions?
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are more complex brain functions. It requires sensory input and a higher-order
(Such as reading) |
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What are association cortices
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is an integrator, and are the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe.
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Parietal
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Visio-Spatial location, Attention
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Frontal
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Planning, Problem SolvingCauses personality change
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Temporal:
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: Object recognition, emotional processing, and memory (amygdyla and hippocampus located here)
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Occipital:
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Mainly with vision
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3. What are the primary functions of the parietal association cortex?
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Visio-Spatial location and transfer sensory to the motor system
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4. What is left neglect
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right parietal lesion, and causes a failure to report, respond, or even orient to the stimuli seen on the LEFT side.
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? Why is neglect primarily seen in patients with right, but not left hemisphere damage?
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It happens mainly with those with right parietal damage because the right side attends to both regions, whereas the left only attends to the right. Therefore, if right goes down, only the left side of the brain is available and sees the right side of things only
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5. What are the primary functions of the temporal association cortex?
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Object recognition, emotional processing, and memory (amygdala and hippocampus located here)
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6. What are the primary functions of the frontal association cortex
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Frontal: Planning, Problem Solving, and Causes personality change
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? What are some examples of tests you could use to explore frontal lobe functioning?
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Perseverance
Utilization if has brain damage, you will see perseveration: the inability to stop behaviors once they have started, or the INABILITY TO INHIBIT |
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7. Describe the case of Phineus Gage
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He was a young man at a railroad construction site when a rod was projected through his frontal lobe. Sad part, he got an infection that caused further damage to his brain. It caused a personality change, and caused him to be miserable
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. Why is Phineus Gage important in understanding brain/behavior relationships?
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Frontal lobe, or your brain DOES affect personality.
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8. What are utilization behaviors?
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They are behaviors that cause people to utilize an object whenever they see it...such as see glasses, put it on. Often seen in damage in frontal lobe
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Be able to describe the features of the following disorders, the location of the primary lesion associated with the disorder, and be able to pick them out from clinical examples: Anosagnosia:
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Lack of deficit, self-awareness ( boy throws himself out of bed because leg is paralyzed, but doesn’t know leg is paralyzed); Mainly due to right parietal LESION
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Be able to describe the features of the following disorders, the location of the primary lesion associated with the disorder, and be able to pick them out from clinical examples Left Neglect
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Due to right parietal lesion, can’t attend to left side (most common after a stroke) (cause alien leg)
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Be able to describe the features of the following disorders, the location of the primary lesion associated with the disorder, and be able to pick them out from clinical examples Visual Agnosia
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Most common, failure to recognize previous visual stimuli: like a KEY. See a key, don’t know it is a key until you touch it. Caused by Temporal damage
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Be able to describe the features of the following disorders, the location of the primary lesion associated with the disorder, and be able to pick them out from clinical examples: Prosopagnosia
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: caused by damage to temporal lobe, to the fusi-form gyrus; and cannot recognize person by their face
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Be able to describe the features of the following disorders, the location of the primary lesion associated with the disorder, and be able to pick them out from clinical examples: Preseveration
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due to frontal lobe injury: can’t inhibit so they have a inability to stop a behavior once they started.
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Name the three glial cells in the brain
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Atrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, and microglial
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discuss the general functions of the three glial cell types in the brain.
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Atrocyte: Looks like a star, and this provides SUPPORT to neurons of the CNS, and PROVIDES nutrients and REGULATES the chemical composition in extracellular fluid; also does Phagocytosis to a small extent
Oligodendrocyte: forms myelin sheaths, and provides structure Micoglia: smallest of glial cells and act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms. It is part of the immune response of the brain. It takes out bacteria and dead cells. |
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11. Define phagocytosis. What types of glial cells participate in phagocytosis?
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Phagocytosis: Process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
Cells that participate in phagocytosis is astrocytes and microglial |
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differentiate between the roles of the Schwann cells and the oligodendrocytes.
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Schwann work in PNS, and oligodendrocytes in CNS
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Unipolar
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one axon attached to the soma, and mainly for sensory information to the CNS
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Bipolar
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One axon, but going in two directions. Helps with passing information efficiently by connecting to different cells
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Multipolar Neurons
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: Neuron with one or without any axon, and many dendrites attached to soma. Mainly sending info from the CNS to hand….so efferent. Often a motor neuron.
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15. What is the blood brain barrier? Why is it important?
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BBB is a barrier that covers brain and spinal cord, and prevents harmful substance from entering. It is semi-permeable. Regulates chemicals that enter from the blood, and helps CNS maintain proper composition of fluids inside and outside the neuron
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What is the area postrema? How does it relate to the blood brain barrier?
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Area postrema is a region on the medulla oblongata where the BBB is weak, and poisons can be indicated to induce vomiting
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16. Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
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To maintain equilibrium in the cell
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What is the resting membrane potential (know both the concept and the general voltage)
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-70mV is SQUID resting potential, meaning what cell voltage is at rest when there are no EPSP and ISO
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17. What is the sodium/potassium pump
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3 Na out, for every 2 K in.but this pump requires energy
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18. What would be the effect of opening potassium channels in the axon membrane?
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It would cause it to become more negative for the diffusion will cause K to go out of the cell mre since there is a high concentration of K inside the cell than outside.
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Diffusion
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: Is when large concentration float to lower concentration.
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Electrostatic Pressure
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Charges of ions causes a force of positivity or negativity, that causes it to move.
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22. What is saltatory conduction?
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Salatory Conduction is when AP seems to jump at Nodes on Ranvier, and it works because of the myelinated sheaths, causing a quick conduction, causing quick action potentials. Without this, it would delay AP, causing delayed responses.
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All-or-none law:
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: AP happens, or it doesn’t, and propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber.
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Rate law
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: intensity of stimulus is represented by the variations in the rate at which that axon fires. (Frequency affects how often something happens so to increase intensity, increase frequency)
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24. What is a ligand
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Specific chemical that binds to a binding site. There are specific receptors for specific ligands
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Ionotropic:
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fast, no energy required, works directly, and affect one receptor
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Metabotropic
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energy, second messenger, G-Protein, and longer, but affects multiple responses.
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G-Protein
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: protein used in metabotropic receptor and conveys messages with other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor
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Second messenger:
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Chemical activated when G protein activates an enzyme and carries a signal that results in opening of ion channels or other events in the cell
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Autoreceptor:
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is a controller, and is a receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
-regulates internal processes of the cell -regulates synthesis of neurtrans -regulate release of neurotrans. -Usually inhibit activity of transmitter. |
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Afferent:
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: neurons going toward the CNS
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Efferent
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neuronscarrying info that will EFFECT other parts from the CNS
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Somatic:
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Peripheral NS that receives sensory information
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Autonomic NS
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: NS in peripheral NS that has two systems: sympathetic, and parasympathetic; regulate smooth muscles and cardiac muscles and glands
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Autonomic NS 4 fs
which is associated with sympathitic? with Parasympathetic?**Study MORE |
FLIGHT, FIGHT, FEEDING, Fooling Around
Sympathetic Division Fight and Flight Orgasm In the spinal cord, the thoracic and lumbar Parasympathetic: Feeding, and Arousal (erection, fooling around) In the brain stem and bottom of spine |
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31. What is the choroid plexus?
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Choroid Plexus: it is vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CFS. It is located in the ventricle
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35. What are the primary ways of clearing a neurotransmitter out of the synaptic cleft?
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Reuptake: When the presynaptic neurotransmitter takes up the nerotrans. From the synaptic cleft
Enzymatic deactivation: Enzyme can break down the neurotrans. |
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36. Contrast the location and function of autoreceptors with postsynaptic receptors.
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Autoreceptors are receptors located on the presynaptic neuron. The function is regulation, regulating the number neurotrans. in synaptic cleft, and facilitate reuptake
Postsynaptic receptors are on postsynaptic neuron, and receptors attach to neurotrans to either inhibit or excite the cell to produce or inhibit an action response |
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Dose-Response curve
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: It is the magnitude of the effect of the drug as a function of the amount of drug administered
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Tolerance:
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when the effectiveness of drug administered repeatedly decreases.
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Acute tolerance
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Short time...if i drink alcohol right now, acute tolerance
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Chronic tolerance
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Long-term tolerance due to long use...take more alcohol to make someone drunk
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Sensitization
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: increase in effectiveness of a drug that is repeatedly administered, much easier to overdose.
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Agonist
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drug that increase effectiveness of neurotransmitter, or increase that neurotrans.
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Antagonist
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drug that decrease effectiveness, or inhibits
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38. What is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain?
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IV Intravenous injection
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39. What are pharmacokinetics?
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Process drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted.
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40. What is the Mellanby effect?
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: due to tolerance, a drug, or even alcohol has more of an effect initially than at the same concentration later on.
On build up that at excretion |
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Glutamate:
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: primary excitatory
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GABA:
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Primary inhibitory in brain
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Glycine
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: Inhibitory in the brainstem and spinal cord
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42. What are the primary functions of acetylcholine?
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Aide in Memory, Learning, Muscular movement
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43. Differentiate between muscarinic and nicotinic receptors? What neurotransmitter are they involved in?
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Muscarinic are AcH metabotropic receptors
Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic AcH receptors Involved with aCH |
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44. What is acetylcholinesterase? What are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used for and how do they work?
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It is a enzyme deactivator, used to deactivate AcH
AcHE inhibitors used to destroy AcHE which then increases the amount of neurotrans. in the synaptic cleft |
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45. Differentiate between indoleamines and catecholamines.
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Indoleamines are a group of monoamines, and consists of melatonin and Serotonin
Catecholamines are a group that consists of dopamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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Serotonin
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the principle neurotransmitter with mood regulation, hunger, digestion, sleep, arousal, sex driveeven pain regulation. Mainly associated with mood; DECREASE impulsive acts and soecific species response
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Dopamine
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inhibitory and excitatory, dependent on the receptor. Affects attention, learning, movement; activates voluntary movement and reinforce ongoing behaviors
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Epinephrine
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with excitatory in sympathetic NS and with fight or flight; stress
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Norepinephrine:
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associated with excitatory in sympathetic, mainly for day to day tasks, and ATTENTIOn; and increase VIGILANCE, and enhance readiness when signal detected
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47. What are SSRIs and how do they work?
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Selective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors: inhibit serotonin from being reuptake by presynaptic neuron, causing an increase in the serotonin for it stays longer in synaptic cleft
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48. Understand the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease. What drug is frequently given to patients with Parkinson’s to decrease their tremor?
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Dopamine is crucial because from the substantia nigra, where dopamine is produced most, there are dopamine neurons to the basal ganglia.
This is the nigrostriatal system, and in Parkinsons, there substantia nigra decrease, which causes a decrease in dopamine in basal ganglia, that causes a decrease in coordinated movements. Drug frequently to decrease their tremor is L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine, that can pass through the BBB |
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49. Know and be able to differentiate NMDA and AMPA receptors.
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NMDA has 6 different binding cites and allows Sodium and CALCIUM to enter the cell. Needs glutamate and glycine to bind in order for calcium channel to open
AMPA controls just the Sodium channel, and links with Glutamate to produce and excitatory response. |
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50. What is the rational of the experimental ablation
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Rational is to use post mortem analysis, and look at lesions and associate it with problems that person had.
However, it simply does not prove causation. It could be a connection problem, or another mistake |
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Stereotaxic apparatus:
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: apparatus used for brain lesion, and brain radiology treatment. It allows you to know exactly where to produce the lesion, and get specific parts.
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Sham Lesion
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: It is a controlled, where the control gets all the same treatments as the experimental, BUT does not get the actual lesion, like placebo
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Excitotoxic lesion
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use of glutamate, or an excitatory neurotransmitter to excite the cell to DEATH, producing a brain lesion.
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CT:
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It is computerizd tomography that uses radioactive waves and is limited to horizontal planes. It is the MOST COMMON neuroimaging, and BEST FOR SKULL FRACTURE
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MRI
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: Uses magnetic field, and the nuclei spins to a particular orientation, and it can have a sagittal plane....BEST FOR soft tissue
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Temporal Resolution
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Helps doctors find out TIME, or when the brain has a seizure, or when there is activity
BEST with EEG and ERP |
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Spatial Resolution
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Tells WHERE the lesion, or where there is decrease in activity
Best is PET and fMRI |
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? Does fMRI have better temporal or spatial resolution then event-related potentials?
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Better Spatial
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54. What are the major differences between fMRI and PET scanning?
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fMRI uses oxygen level and no readioactivity. PET uses blood flow, and uses radioactivity
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55. How do neuroscientist trace the efferent and afferent connections of a brain region?
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efferent: use anterograde labeling
Afferent: Use retrograde labeling |
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TMS,
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Induce or disrupt brain activity using magnetic field (like induce blindness)
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Monozygotic Twins
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Same genes, so used to look at influence of the enviornment on activity
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, dizygotic twins.
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Similar genes, and similar enviornment so used to see how genes affect the behavior
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homunculus
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figure of our senses in our brain: figure with big lips, huge hands
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