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43 Cards in this Set
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Aristotle |
Focused on empirical evidence (scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation). His emphasis on empirical evidence and many of the topics he studied are consistent with 21st century cognitive psychology. In fact, Aristotle can be called the first cognitive psychologist. |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Founder of psychology. Said psychology should study mental processes using a technique called introspection. |
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Introspection |
an early approach to studying mental activity, in which carefully trained observers systematically analyzed their own sensations and reported them as objectively as possible under standardized conditions.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus |
First psychologist to scientifically study human memory. He chose nonsense syllables rather than actual words when testing people.
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Mary Whiton Calkins |
American psychologist who reported the recency effect. Said we should study how cognitive psychology could be used in real world settings, not just lab settings. She was the first woman to be president of the APA |
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Recency Effect |
When we recall more accurately the final items in a series of stimuli |
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William James |
Didn’t believe Wilhelm Wundt’s introspection theory. Published Principles of psychology, which provides clear, detailed descriptions about people’s everyday experiences. His book foreshadows numerous topics such as perception, attention, memory, understanding, reasoning, and the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
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John Watson |
Watson studied Behavioral psychology. Watson emphasized observable behavior. Behavioral psychologists did not conduct research in cognitive psychology, but they did contribute significantly to contemporary research methods. He founded Operant Conditioning.
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Frederic Bartlett |
A famous memory cognitive psychologist. He is famous for publishing the book Remembering: An Experimental and Social Study. He rejected the carefully controlled research of Ebbinghaus and instead used meaningful materials, such as lengthy stories. He found that people made systematic errors when trying to recall these stories. He said we interpret and transform the information we encounter. We search for meaning, trying to integrate this new information so that it is more consistent with our own personal experiences.
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Areas that increased popularity of cognitive psychology |
Linguistics, Memory, Children's thought processes |
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Parallel Processing |
The ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. Becomes most important in vision as brain divides what it sees into four different components: color, motion, shape, depth |
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Serial Processing |
A person performs operation one item at a time rather than simultaneously |
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Information processing |
Our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer, information progresses in a series of stages, one step at a time |
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model |
Memory involves a sequence of steps, each step transferred from one storage area to another: Sensory, STM, LTM |
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Cognitive Science |
An interdisciplinary field that tries to answer questions about the mind, includes cognitive psych, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and economics Focus on internal representations of the external world Trying to build bridges |
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Theme 1 |
The cognitive processes are active rather than passive |
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Theme 2 |
The cognitive processes are remarkable efficient and accurate |
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Theme 3 |
The cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information |
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Theme 4 |
The cognitive processes are interrelated with one another, they do not operate in isolation |
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Theme 5 |
Many cognitive processes rely on both top-down and bottom-up processing |
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Feature Analysis |
relatively flexible, a visual stimulus is composed of a a small number of characteristics/components called a distinct feature Takes longer to recognize letters if they share features, feature detectors in brain, machines can read handwriting, Focus on simple figures, doesn't account for angles |
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Object Recognition |
Specific view of object can be represented in an arrangement of simple 3D shapes called geons that can be combines to form meaningful objects Brain responds to geons Needs modification, more than one standard view |
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Viewer Centered Approach |
The viewer stores a small number of views of a 3D object rather than just one |
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Word Superiority Effect |
We can recognize a letter better if it's in a word we know than if it's presented on its own |
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Change Blindness |
Failure to detect the change in an object or scene, top-down processing encourages us to believe the basic meaning of the scene will stay the same, we emphasize concepts and expectations, don't store detailed representation of the scene, in real life scene is changing constantly so we only focus on what's important |
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Phonemic Restoration |
We fill in gaps when people cough |
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Special Mechanism Approach |
Humans born with a special device for categorizing speech (categorical perception) Linguists |
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General Mechanism Approach |
We use the same neural processes to decode speech as we do with everything else Psychologist |
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Attention |
Concentration of Mental Activity |
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Divided Attention |
Trying to attend to two or more stimuli, i.e. driving on phone and talking |
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Selective Attention |
We must ignore/filter out some stimuli so we can focus on a specific stimulus, i.e. reading in a loud place, conversation at a party |
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Parietal Lobe |
Orienting Network, Spatial neglect, clock, cat |
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Frontal Lobe |
Executive Attention Network, Inhibits automatic responses, may be related to general intelligence (ability to set goals impaired, take more risks, don't learn well from mistakes) |
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Early Theories of Attention |
Emphasized that people are extremely limited in the amount of information they can process at any given time |
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Bottleneck Theory |
A narrow passageway limits the quantity of information to which we can pay attention Problems: Underestimates flexibility of human attention, information lost a more than just one phase |
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Feature Integration Theory |
Elaborate theory developed by Anne Treisman, states that we sometimes look at a scene using distributed attention and process all parts of the scene at the same time, and on other occasions we use focused attention and process each item one at a time |
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Distributed Attention |
Allows you to process features automatically, using parallel processing across the field, register features simultaneously Quickly form a fairly accurate overall impression of the scene |
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Focused Attention |
Requires slower serial processing and you identify one object at a time, necessary when objects are complex, Identifies which features belong together: binding Form a continuum rather than two distinctive categories |
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Consciousness |
Awareness of external world as well as thoughts and emotions about internal world |
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Three issues to consciousness |
1. There are some things we can't be conscious of 2. There are some thoughts we cannot keep out of our consciousness 3. We can perceive things without consciousness in some cases |
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Limits of consciousness |
May be fully conscious of products of your thought processes, but not of processes that created the products Shows that psychologists should not rely on people's introspection |
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Thought Supression |
Thoughts that we try to suppress are more likely to invade our conscious thought later |
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Blindsight |
Cortically blind person cannot consciously see objects but can still report some characteristics of the object such as location |
