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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The number of persons per square unit of space
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Density
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Two forms of density ?
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-Social Density
-Spatial Density |
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Refers to number of persons in a confined space and usually results in unwanted interactions with people
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Social Density
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Refers the to the way the physical space itself can feel crowded because it is to small to accommodate even a small number of people
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Spatial Density
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People reporting not wearing seat-belts because they feel "crowded" by them
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Physical constraints
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constraints that interfere with the ability to perform tasks
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physical constraints
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The outcome of any behavioral process that collects animals together in unusually great numbers
-or collecting for its own sake to be "sociable" |
Behavioral Sink
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Whatever the prevailing mood or circumstance, crowding would intensify it. If people were having a good time, crowding would make them have a better time, if they were bored, crowding would make it more so.
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Intensification Hypothesis
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A series of problems of interpretation
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Ecological Fallacies
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Hong Kong tolerates a higher density than the United States, but that both places suffer stress from crowding in the context of their own culture. Thus, culture is a predisposing attribute to crowding that each person within a culture carries as part of that culture.
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The Hong Kong Problem
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Tend to influence the perception of crowding or lessen its effects
Exp: Personal Control |
Moderators
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such as behavioral constraints, tend to try to explain how crowding works its negative effect by interfering with behavior
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Mediators
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Three types of predisposing attributes
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-culture
-prior experience -motivation |
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Setting Conditions Include
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-behavior
-social density -physical constraints -organization -animal studies |
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____________ demonstrated that the perceived crowding in a setting is highly influenced by the way the setting is organized
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Order (Wener & Kaminoff (1983)
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Mitchell (1971)
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These buildings have 10 persons in 400 square ft of space compared with the American Public Health Association recommendation of 85 square ft per person. _____ found no evidence of deficits in emotional health related to density.
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Freedman (1975)
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-wrote ab book titled "Crowding and Behavior" after doing a series of studies on crowding. Did series of studies in which he placed subjects in crowded conditions to determine whether the crowding would have any effect on the performance of various tasks. Showed no effect.
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Divided two groups of Peace Corps volunteers (5 married couples each) into a hotel residence group and another group who lived in a 30 x 30 room. Done over 12 weeks. No change
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MacDonald and Oden (1973)
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Studied aquanauts under extremely cramped and obtrusive conditions. Everyone sounding like Donald Duck because of the helium atmosphere.
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Helmreich (1974)
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found that crowded, lower-class children showed higher levels of learned helplessness and were competitive even when this meant they would lose rewards.
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Rodin (1976)
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Some emphasize the larger populations of an ecosystem or species or human populations in cities or nations
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Faris & Dunham (1939)
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reviewed 40 selected studies and came to much the same conclusion. Social economic conditions could explain the linkage of crowding with pathology. Proceeded to select two large urban poverty samples, matched them for socioeconomic conditions and moved test group into improved (public) housing from a slum.
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Wilner et al. (1962)
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