Psych 374 Chapter 7

Front 1

Personal Space (Sommer, 1969a)

Back 1

- changed Personal space to "Emotionally Charged Bubble"
-Studied in public places and seating arrangements (where they'd seat to prevent others from sitting with them.
- invaded personal space to see when person would flee

Front 2

Proxemics (Hall, 1966)

Back 2

- used concept called "proxemics" = the study of how people unconsciously structure microspace.
- Made 4 zones (intimate, personal, social and public)

Front 3

The 4 zones and their distances by (Hall, 1966)

Back 3

Intimate - (0-18 inch)
Personal - (18inches-4ft)
Social - (4-12ft)
Public - (12-25ft)

Front 4

Personal Distance (Hall, 1966)

Back 4

Could use olfactory and temperature cues

Remaining used diminishing oral and visual cues

Front 5

Intimate Distance (Hall, 1966)

Back 5

Could use olfactory and temperature cues (and temp only at intimate)

Remaining used diminishing oral and visual cues

Front 6

Interaction Distances

Back 6

-Proposed as better term for "personal space"
-related to Hall's proxemics
-suggested by Aiello (1987) bc space btwn 2 or more persons is involved and it's the interaction that defines the space

Front 7

Kinesics (Birdwhistell, 1970)

Back 7

-the study of body language

Front 8

Fight or Flight Distance

Back 8

-coined by Cannon (1932)& elaborated by Hediger
-described behavior of wild animals he hunted and those he observed.
-the flight distance increased dramatically when the animals were shot at.

Front 9

Alert Zone

Back 9

-the first of 2 zones that an approaching figure crossed
-zone where animal became fully alert to approaching figure.
-2nd zone= where animals chose to flee or charge

Front 10

Invasion of Personal Space

Back 10

- sommer did study (at what point the person would flee an intruder
-(Young and Guile) women=shorter latencies of deptarture when space invaded by low-status intruders (regardless of sex)
-females invade personal space of short people more then males.

Front 11

Personal Space (Sommer, 1969a)

Back 11

- changed Personal space to "Emotionally Charged Bubble"
-Studied in public places and seating arrangements (where they'd seat to prevent others from sitting with them.
- invaded personal space to see when person would flee

Front 12

Proxemics (Hall, 1966)

Back 12

- used concept called "proxemics" = the study of how people unconsciously structure microspace.
- Made 4 zones (intimate, personal, social and public)

Front 13

The 4 zones and their distances by (Hall, 1966)

Back 13

Intimate - (0-18 inch)
Personal - (18inches-4ft)
Social - (4-12ft)
Public - (12-25ft)

Front 14

Personal Distance (Hall, 1966)

Back 14

Could use olfactory and temperature cues

Remaining used diminishing oral and visual cues

Front 15

Intimate Distance (Hall, 1966)

Back 15

Could use olfactory and temperature cues (and temp only at intimate)

Remaining used diminishing oral and visual cues

Front 16

Flannel Figures

Back 16

-developed by Kuethe (1962)
- flanel figures placed on flannel background in imitation of real life settings

Front 17

Hall (1966)

Back 17

-hired by U.S State Dept
- discovered prime sources of misunderstandings that occured when Germans and Japanese tried to talk with Americans was the distance at which conversation took place.
-elaborated concept into "proxemics"

Front 18

Sommer (1969a)

Back 18

-redefined personal space distance as "the emotionally charged bubble of space which surrounds each individual.

Front 19

Birdwhistell (1970)

Back 19

-kinesics research
-a choreography that is learned with the language
-bilinguals moved closer when going from Spanish to English and sprang apart going from English to Spanish.

Front 20

Hayduk (1983)

Back 20

- agree that bubble concept is misleading
-interactive space is flexible, mutually adjustable and situationally influenced
-are language aspects not sufficiently explored by research.

Front 21

Higashiyama and Ono (1988)

Back 21

-propose that Japanese interpersonal distances are determined by the Japanese words (koko, soko, and asoko) which designate spaces between speakers.

Front 22

Finighan (1980)

Back 22

- studied 225 householders and found values of privacy to be similar regardless of family stage or income.

Front 23

Goldsmith and Hill (1986)

Back 23

- found that a families home space affects their behavior according to a framework of access to dimensions of space in the home ( who has access to what space has large influence of family behavior)

Front 24

Caplan and Goldman (1981)

Back 24

-found that females invade the personal space of short people more then males
-"everything changes for short people"

Front 25

Sussman and Rosenfeld (1982)

Back 25

-measured dist. btwn bilingual subjects and found they sprang apart from Spanish to English but moved closer from English to spanish

Front 26

Strube and Werner (1983)

Back 26

- say the distance is greater from others when one wishes to avoid control by others
-(no relationship btwn interpersonal distance and size of personal space)

Front 27

Latane and Nida (1981)

Back 27

-reviewed 10 years of studies of helping behavior and conclude best chance of being helped is when there is only one person present.
-adding one more person begins dilution of responsibility

Front 28

Hern (1991)

Back 28

- reports how the court, in deciding to station demonstrators outside abortion clinic, listened to the advice of no less a person then Edward T. Hall b4 deciding to keep demonstrators far enough away to they would not interfere with the social distance of persons going in clinic.

Front 29

Argyle and Dean (1965)

Back 29

-first to propose a dynamic theory of equilibrium

Front 30

Smith and Knowles (1978)

Back 30

-describe how an invader is rated negatively and then specific intentions are attributed to him or her.

Front 31

Smith and Knowles (1978)

Back 31

-describe how an invader is rated negatively and then specific intentions are attributed to him or her.

Front 32

Hediger (1955)

Back 32

-described the behavior of wild animals he hunted and those he observed in captivity.
-noticed he could approach birds and animals fairly closely before shotting at them but after firing, the birds/animals gave him a much wider berth.

Front 33

Kunzendorff and Denney (1982)

Back 33

-measured intruders as stopping farther away from smokers than non-smokers.
-found number of packs smoked per day correlated with a desire for more personal space.

Front 34

Winkel et al. (1988)

Back 34

- documented that police interpret defensive behavior that occurs when such space is invaded as expression of being a true suspect of whatever crime is the subject of the interrogation