Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is prejudice pg. 309
|
It is an attitude, which is a distinct combo of feelings, inclinations to act, and beliefs.
|
|
|
What are the ABCs of attitude
pg. 309 |
affect-Feelings, behavior-tendency, and cognition-beliefs
|
|
|
What are stereotypes 309
|
what supports negative prejudice...a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Sterotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new info
|
|
|
309 stereotype example Those who assumed title of Ms. in 1980s were seenn as
|
more assertive and ambitious than those who called themselves Miss or Mrs.
|
|
|
309 Now the Ms. Sterotype is shifted and now it's ____ women who keep their own ____ are seen as _____ and ___.
|
Married; surname; assertive and ambitious
|
|
|
What is stereotype in europeans about other europeans
|
Germans-->hard working, French-->pleasure loving British-->cool and unexcitable...Italians-->amorous...Dutch as reliable.
|
|
|
Southern europeans are stereotyped as...
|
Southern: more emotional and less efficient than northern.
|
|
|
Southerners in general are seen as...
|
more expressive than northerners
|
|
|
What is the problem with stereotype
|
Not always bad for it helps to understand what to expect and how to get along with others in each culture. Problem is when they are OVERGENERALIZED, or wrong.
|
|
|
What is negative behavior
|
Discrimination; often has its source in prejudicial attitudes
|
|
|
what was the result when emails were sent to LA area landlords in regards to vacant apartments
|
Encouraging replies came 89% with it was signed Patrick McDougall, and 66% with Siad Al-Rahman, and 56% from Tyrell Jackson
|
|
|
310 Do prejudice attitudes need to breed hostile acts or oppression always spring from prejudice?
|
NO
|
|
|
Racism
|
Institutional practices that discriminate even when there is no prejudicial intent..it subordinates people of a given race.
|
|
|
Sexism
|
Individuals' prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior of a given sex, and institutional practices that subordinate people of agiven sex.
|
|
|
Dual Attitude system
|
We have both explicit and consious attitudes and implicit and automatic attitudes toward the same target. Measured iwth Implicit Association Test
|
|
|
Can prejudice and stereotypic evaliations occur outside of people's awareness?
|
Yes. even by priming stereotpical behaviors, it can bias ther behavior.
|
|
|
309 what are two common forms of prejudice:
|
Racial prejudice and gender prejudice
|
|
|
Who defines people's races
|
People, not nature: example of tiger woods and barack obama (310)
|
|
|
Prejudice in subtle forms is more widespread
|
TRUE! 312
|
|
|
T/F White don't help blacks
|
FALSE. Whites more than willing to help any in need, except when the needy person is remote (calling in to have a message relayed)
|
|
|
White more likely to deliver shocks to black
|
False,,,more likely to give less shock except when they were angered or when the recipient couldn't retaliate or know who did it.
|
|
|
Prejudice attitudes and discrimanatory behavior surface when
|
When they can behind the screen of some other motive.
|
|
|
Where is blatant prejudice replaced by sublte forms of prejudice?
|
Australia, Britain, France, Germany and Netherlands
|
|
|
What do researchers call subtle prejudice nowadays
|
modern racism, or cultural racism.
|
|
|
314 In Correll and co-workers and Greenwald et al invited people to press buttons quickly to shoot or not shoot men who suddenly appeared on screen holding a gun or harmless object, what was the result
|
Both blacks and whites mistakenly shot those who were black holding harmless objects.
|
|
|
What did the harmless object shooting game show?
|
That we have implicilty associated a particular ethnic group with danger, and that face of that group will trigger arousal.
|
|
|
What was the finding of facing prejudice of pictures of anger in whites and blacks
|
Those who were most prejudice accoding to the implicit racial test perceived anger lingering more in ambiguous black than white faces.
|
|
|
Gender Stereotype research conclusions:
|
Strong gender stereotype exist and as often happens, members of steretyped group accept the stereotype
|
|
|
What is stronger...gender or racial stereotype?
|
GENDER. only 22% of men thought two sexes equally emotional. 15:1 believed women more emotional than men. Women's responses were pretty much identical
|
|
|
According to data from 27 countries, what was found between men and women
|
People perceive women as more agreeable, men as more outgoing.
|
|
|
What is the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice
|
Stereotyes are NOT prejudices. it may support prejudice, but one may believe that men are different, but equal, having the stereotype but not have prejudice
|
|
|
Why are women more liked than men
|
due to the savorable stereotype that women are understanding, kind, and more helpful, and the women are wonderful effect
|
|
|
What is the ambivalent sexism toward women
|
Benevolent sexism (women have a superior mora sensibility) and hostile sexism (puts man on tight leash)
|
|
|
What is the ambivalent sexism toward men
|
Benevolent sexism (powerful) and hostile attitudes (men are immoral
* those who endorse benevoent sexism toward men also have benevolent sexism toward women, |
|
|
Males and their sad statistics
|
3x more likely to commit suicide and be murdered
nearly all the battlefield and death row casualties Die 5 years sooner majority of MR and autistic also those in special ed programs |
|
|
What was the finding on the article written by John t McKay and Joan T. Mckay>
|
Women discriminated against women, and article received lower ratings when attributed to a females
*but myers tried to replicate, and found no such tendency, and no difference between women and men, and there is no overall tendency to devalue a women's work. |
|
|
What are subtle gender bias that exists in terms of babies
|
Parents annoucne birth of boys with more pride than birth of girls. But announce birth of girls with more happiness than boys.
|
|
|
Wgat dies sudabuys argue about the desire to be on top?
|
those high in social dominance embrace prejeduice and support political positions that justify prejudice 320
|
|
|
What effect does parents have on children in terms of prejudice
|
Child's implicit racial attitudes reflect parental explicit prejudice
|
|
|
ethnocentric
|
Believe in superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
|
|
|
Authoritarian personality
|
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status ( rpone ti engage in prejudice and stereotyping)
-tend to agree with statements such as obedience and respect for authority are one of the most important things children should learn |
|
|
Authoritarian person's childhood:
|
Faced harsh discipline as children and be predisposed with power and status, and became submissive to those who were above and aggressive to those under or beneath them.
|
|
|
What is double high
|
THose high in social dominance and have authoritarian personality. They are among the most prejudiced persons in society. Usually leaders of hate groups
|
|
|
authoritarianism is to ______ whereas social dominance appears to be related to more))
|
concern with security and control vs. related to one's group status
|
|
|
321 North American Christian and prejudice
|
1. church members express more racial prejudice than non members
2. those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express more prejudice than those professing progressive beliefs |
|
|
3 possible connections with religion and prejudice
|
1. no connection at all
2. prejudice causes religion 3. Relifion causes prejudice |
|
|
What were some findings on religiosity and prejudice
|
1. those who were faithful attenders, 24/26 times were less prejudice than occasional attenders
2. those for who live life by religion and laws were less prejudice in comparison to those where religion was a means to other ends |
|
|
325 what is displaced aggression
|
Phenomenon where we redirect our hostility
|
|
|
325 Do passions provoke prejudice
|
YES! WWI blame the jews
9/11 prejudice toward middle easterners |
|
|
realistic group conflict theory
|
theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
|
|
|
What is Gause's law
|
maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs
|
|
|
What does ingroup bias show
|
Supports positive self concept with BIRG and also feeds favortism with your group. Those named daffodil-11s felt unity but distance from Rasberry 13s
|
|
|
What is the trend on studies of stereotyping?
|
Increased from 1763 in 1966 to 7795 in 1996
|
|
|
Why do stereotyped beliefs and predudice attitudes exist?
|
Because they enable people to displace hostilities byut also as by products of normal thingking process...so part of the machinery of the mind.
|
|
|
332 What does classifying people have to do with stereotype
|
We classify people so we think about them more easily, making a stereotype, and makes a cognitive efficiency. They are energy saving scheme
|
|
|
When is it easy and efficient to rely on stereotypes?
|
1. pressed for time
2. preoccupied 3. Tired 4. Emotionally aroused 5. Too young to appreciate diversity |
|
|
What are powerful ways to categorize people?
|
with ethnicity and sex
|
|
|
Why do we categorize by race
|
much of how we spontaneously categorize is by a color spectrum
|
|
|
What is the finding of those who are prejudice and associating a race with that individual
|
Prejudice people took longer, with more apparent concern for classifying as own race or them, another race. ..They are occupied with idea of classifying as us or them
|
|
|
what is the outgroup homogeneity effect
|
a sense that they are all alike and different from us and our group. We however perceive our goup as diverse.
|
|
|
People presume that things refects entire group's attitude, when in actuality, it isn't the entire group. What does this show
|
Overestimation of group unanimity, or outgroup homogeneity effect
|
|
|
What did Rothbard and collegues find in terms of distinctive cases and stereotypes
|
distinctive cases fuel stereotyples. Ex of recall of exteremely tall people in 50 slides...more extreme the height, more number of tall people recalled...Therefore, we tend to overestimate minorities
|
|
|
What was the finding of Hamilton and Gifford and cooccurence of undesiralbe and desirable acts in those group members in Group A and Group B?
|
found that those in group b was less frequent than a and that it had unusual combitionations that caught people's attention and therefore judged group B more harshly: due to illusory correlation
|
|
|
What does illusory correlation studies show
|
that people will correlate negative things, and see how things DIFFER more than how things are similar. So notice homosexual, mental illness more...causing stereotyping
|
|
|
Just-world phenomenon
|
Tendency of people to believe hat the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
|
|
|
Merely observing another innocent person being vicimized is enouth to make the victim seem less worthy..T or F
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Subtyping
|
Those who aren't the usual stereotype is an exception to the rule...
|
|
|
Subgrouping
|
Those who aren't the usual stereotype, we will form a new stereotype about the subset of the group, but subgroups are acknowledged as part of the overall group
|
|
|
Self Fulfilling prophesy and discrimination
|
prejudice affects its targets...
|
|
|
Stereotype threat
|
a self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype...
|
|
|
aggression
|
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
|
|
|
Hostile aggression:
|
aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (Affective aggression)
|
|
|
Instrumental aggression
|
aggression is means to some other end.
|
|
|
Three big ideas of aggression
|
1. Biologically rooted aggressive drive
2. aggression is a natural response to frustration 3. aggressive behavior is learned |
|
|
instinctive
|
an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
|
|
|
What do evolutionary psychologist say about aggression
|
it is adaptive...it is a strategy for gaining resources, defending against attack.
|
|
|
Alcohol and aggression
|
Alcohol unleashes aggresion when people are provoked by reducing one's self-awareness and focus attention on a provocation and deindividuates and disinhibits
|
|
|
Testosterone and aggression 358
|
aggressiveness does correlate with male sex hormone.
|
|
|
Findings of studies of testosterone and aggression.
|
1. decrease testosterone in violent human male subdue aggressive tendencies
2. after people reach age 25, testosterone and violent crime decrease together 3. Tessterone higher in prisoners of planned and unprovoked violent crimes 4. High testosterone, more prone to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggresive resonse 5. Women less attuned to agression-deterring threat signal when given testosterone dose 6. testosterone level rise after handling a gun 7. wider faces=higher testosterone=more time in penalty box |
|
|
359 Serotonin and Aggression
|
Serotonin involved in impluse control in frontal lobe. Low serotonin found among violence prone children and adults. and lowering people's serotonin increases their response to aversive events and their willingness to deliver electric shocks
|
|
|
What was the relationship with testosterone levels and WC soccer match
|
Testosterone levels rise in the winning fans and fall in the losing fans...showing that testosterone levels increase in both says. Therefore, winning team commit more postgame assaults than losing team
|
|
|
What does APA and international Council of Psychologist has said in regards to violence
|
War or any other violent behavior is genetically programmed into our human nature, or that war is caused by instinct or any single motivation...
|
|
|
One of the first psychologicial theories of aggression:
|
Frustration-aggression theory
|
|
|
Frustration-aggression theory:
|
theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
1. occurance of aggression as a result of frustration 2. frustration always leads to aggression |
|
|
Frustration:
|
The blocking of goal-directed behavior
|
|
|
Brown and Collegues survey of british passengers heading to france found what in terms of aggressive attitudes
|
Higher when french boat blocked the port, preventing travel and more likel to agree with an insult to French person who spilt coffee
|
|
|
Displacement
|
Redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
|
|
|
What was the experiement with Vasquez and his co-researchers:
|
Anagram solving test, and the experimenter insulted their performance. Then asked how long another student should keep their hand in cold water, the insulted gave a longer cold water treatment.
|
|
|
Relative deprivation
|
Perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself
|
|
|
What was the relation with relative deprivation and TV
|
Increased as TV became more readily abailable...turned absolute deprivation to relative deprivation (feeling deprived)
|
|
|
Theory: Aggression as a learned social behavior
|
We can learn aggression...
|
|
|
362 Bandura proposed what theory of aggression
|
Social learning theory
|
|
|
What is the social learning theory
|
Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
|
|
|
Family influence appears higher in violence in whom?
|
in cultures and in families with absentee fathers, holding true for many races, income levels, educations, and locations
|
|
|
relationship of pain and aggressiveness
|
Pain heightens aggressiveness, showing that aversive stimulus or event can incite an emotional outburst. Even depressed state increase likelihood of hostile, aggressive behavior
|
|
|
Heat and aggressiveness.
|
temporary climate variations can affect behavior.
|
|
|
What time of enviornemental factors affect aggressive behavior
|
offensive orors, cigarette smoke, and air pollution.
|
|
|
Guns and aggression
|
More electric shocks when a rifle and a revolver (over badminton rackets) were left nearby, but only if guns were seen as instrument of violence over recreational item
|
|
|
Statistics and Gun
|
gun in home:
2.7 times as likely to be murdered 5 times more likely with risk of suicide Newer national study: 41% as likely to be homicide victim 3. 4 times likely to die from suicide. |
|
|
369 Aversive situation can lead to 3 things that lead to aggression
|
Hostile thoughts and memories, angry feelings, and arousal.
|
|
|
Who watches more tv men or women
|
women more than men
|
|
|
What is catharsis
|
theory that watching violent drama enables people to release their pent-up hostilities.
|
|
|
Who is catharsis credited to?
|
Aristotle: purge emotions byexperiencing them and that viewing classic tragedies therefore enable a catharsis of pity and fear.
|
|
|
Does hitting each other with foam bats decrease aggression
|
Probably not so...just as watching sexual videos feed sexual fantasies.
|
|
|
Is there more or less hostitltiy after viewing a violent sporting event
|
MORE hostility...so also after a war, a nation's murder rate has tended to increase
|
|
|
Do vent sessions decrease our anger
|
No it does not, but rather increase it...
|
|
|
What was the finding on those who were ostrasized?
|
Underperform on aptitude test, drank less of healthy and bad tasting and more of unhealthy and good tasting cookie, and deliver bad noise to someone who insulted them.
|
|
|
Ostracized and brain activity
|
Area that is activated in response to physical pain also lights up
|
|
|
Ostrascized and temperature
|
Perceive 5 degrees cooler than when in a social accepted enviornemnt
|
|
|
Proximity and friendship
|
Geographial nearness, aka functional distance predicts liking--> greater friendship with those who were seated near them
|
|
|
Functional distance
|
How often people's path cross...more interactions, more likely to increase liking.
|
|
|
Those who rated a stimuli, more repitition caused what
|
more repeat caused a positive viewed
|
|
|
Mere exposure"
|
mere exposure boosts people's rating...tendency for novel stimulus to be liked by exposure; even without awareness
|
|
|
What women and Men report finding attractive
|
Women: brain Men: bodies
|
|
|
In the University of Minnesota Welcome week dance, what was the finding that predicted attraction?
|
How physically attracted was, more man liked her and wanted to date him...women as well..More attractive a man was, the more the woman liked him and wanted to date him again
|
|
|
How about speed dating...what was the best predictor of attraction
|
men and women: physical attractiveness
|
|
|
Matching phenomenon
|
Tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits.
|
|
|
In voting, men and women chose which type of people
|
men: females who were more attractive
women: males who were more approachable looking. |
|
|
physical-attractiveness stereotype
|
Presumption that physically attractive people have socially desirable traits as well
|
|
|
What was the result of the viewpoint of women after cosmetic surgery
|
more kind, more sensitive, more sexually warm and responsive, and more likable
|
|
|
First impression...
|
THEy are HIGE! attractive and tall people have more prestigious jobs, and make more money.
|
|
|
411 What happened after men rated girls after watching charlie's angels
|
Rated her less attractive than those who hadn't--> contrast effect
|
|
|
Social compariosn effect of viewing more attractive individuals in most detrimental to whom?
|
Women, are more damaged by it.
|
|
|
Likable person and attractiveness
|
Likeable people become more attractive.
|
|
|
Similarities: likable and liking
|
Those who are alike us, or have similar liking, more likable you find the person
|
|
|
In an experiemnt in a boarding house, those whose agreement was initially highest were most likely ...
|
initial agreement: formed the closest friendships
|
|
|
People like those who also act like they due this should mimicry--> true or false
|
True
|
|
|
Do birds of a feather do flock together?
|
YES
|
|
|
Dissimilarity breeds dislike
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Do opposites attract?
|
NO, current research does not say it does
|
|
|
Complementarity
|
Popular thinking that in a relationship, each complement what the other is missing, but in actuality, people marry more common.
|
|
|
Does one person's liking another CAUSE the return of liking?
|
YES it does.
|
|
|
419 Reward and Liking
|
Liking increases with rewards or those we feel good feelings around
|
|
|
What was the results of the study where participants chose between Person A and Person B where one resembled the experimenter
|
When experiementer was nice, people chose person A, but if experiementer was not nice, people avoided the experimenter
|
|
|
Importance of associating relationship with good things
|
Need to always associate relationship with good things...Good feelings are associated with surroundings
|
|
|
reward theory and influences on attraction:
|
Proximity is rewarding...attractive people, we feel we will benefit by associating with them, Those that have similar opinions, we are rewarded, and like to be liked, so rewarding.
|
|
|
When did love become a serious topic in psychology?
|
Only in the last couple of decades.
|
|
|
421 Sternberg's love triangle: three components
|
Passion, intimacy, and commitment
|
|
|
What is passionate love
|
Emotional, intense longing for union with another and lovers are absorbed in one another and feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love and are disconsolate on losing it.
|
|
|
In Sternberg's triangle of love, what is intimacy and commitment equal
|
Companionate love
|
|
|
In Sternberg's triangle of love, what is Passion and commitment equal
|
Fatuous love
|
|
|
In Sternberg's triangle of love, what is intimacy and passion equal:
|
Romantic love
|
|
|
In Sternberg's triangle of love, what is intimacy and commitment and passion equal
|
Consummate love
|
|
|
Perceived inequity and marital distress
|
Perceived inequities trigger marital distress which in turns triggers perceived inequities
|
|
|
Self disclosure:
|
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
|
|
|
Disclosure reciprocity effect:
|
tendency for one person's inimacy of self disclosure to match that of a conversational partner. Disclosure begats disclosure,
|
|
|
What was the finding by the Princeton group on Black stereotype from 1933?
|
Initially found that sterotypes were less and less negative, but in actuality, over the years, there was not change
|
|
|
What is Altruism 443
|
motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests...
|
|
|
What is the Social Exchange Theory in why we help?
|
Human interactions are mere transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs.
|
|
|
445 What is the weakness in the reward theory in terms of why we help
|
IT easily degeneartes into explaining by naming. There is circular resoning
|
|
|
Egoism
|
Anoother motive of helping that supposedly says that all behavior is done to increase one's own welfare. It is the opposite of altrusim.
|
|
|
Target department results of helping and those who received a mood-boosting, neural, and mood deflating comment
|
Thosee who helped most received a mood boost
|
|
|
Can mood of relief help with helping behavior
|
YES! car, ticket, and then asking for help dramatically increased in willingness to help (62%)
|
|
|
What was the finding when good mood wore off with the telephone relay of messages.
|
it drops as time increases....When they received a free stationery and after that, they helped, but as time increased of the good mood wore off, helpfulness dropped.
|
|
|
Why do we help with social norms
|
We ought tohelp..these two things motivate altrusim
Reciprocity norm and social-responsibility norm |
|
|
Reciprocity norm
|
To those who help us, we should return the help.
|
|
|
What is social capital:
|
Motivated with recciprocity...
it is the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network. |
|
|
what was the finding with private and public reciprocation of a favor
|
People were more filling to pledge to an experiment's charity if the charity had done a small favor for them before, especially when their reciprocation was made known to the experiementer
|
|
|
How does the social responsibility norm compel us?
|
IT makes us help those in most need and those most deserving
|
|
|
451 Who receives more help?
|
Women, because of the social responsibility norm...for they are viewed as less competent and more dependent...women offer help equally to male and female, but male offer more help to females , and also more attractive females helped more.
|
|
|
452 who seeks more help
|
women
2x more likely to seek medical and psychiatric help. |
|
|
WHat do evolutionary psychs say why we help
|
Kin protection and reciprocity are the reasons why we help
|
|
|
kin selection
|
Evolution selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
|
|
|
456What is the egoistic route of thinking when it comes to helping
|
View distress--emtion (distress)--> motive (to reduce own distress)-->behavior (sometihing to reduce distress (maybe helping)
|
|
|
What is the altruistic route of thinking when it comes to helping:
|
View distress--emotion (empathy)--> motive (to reduce other's distress)-->behavior (help to achieve reduction in other's distress
|
|
|
Batson studied empathy and egoistic distress reduction. what was found?
|
When empathy was aroused, people usually helped. If they were egoistic, they would escape.
|
|
|
According to Batson, what does empathy induced altruism do?
|
1. produce sensitive helping
2. inhibit aggression 3. Increase cooperation 4.Improves attitudes toward stigmatized groups. |
|
|
What are liabilities with empathy induced altruism
|
1. can be harmful
2. can't address all needs 3. burns out 4. can feed favortism, injustice, and indifference to the larger common good. |
|
|
Number of bystanders effect and helping
|
Presence of others greatly decreased intervention
|
|
|
Why does increase in bystander decrease helping
|
1. less likely to notice
2. less likely to interpret the incident as a problem 3. less likely to assume responsibility |
|
|
What was the result of the smoke coming into the room with one person vs. a group
|
one person-notice in 5 seconds
in groups: usually tok them 20 seconds to notice the smoke |
|
|
What happened in the group of 3 vs. group of one when interpreting the smoke incident in the room?
|
one person" moved...
groups of 3 did not move. Among 24 men in eight groups, onely one reported the smoke within the first four minutes. by the end of six--minutes, smoke was so think, but only three of the eight groups did a single person report the problem. ALSO< not one said FIRE. |
|
|
Time pressures and helping: The Princeton theology students
|
Those who were in a hurry, only 10% helped
Those who were given more time, 66% helped. |
|
|
What is the effect if we see someone else help
|
more likely to help when we see someone else helping. Prosocial models do promote altrusim in what we preach and what we do...can't be hypocritical
|
|
|
According to Cialdini, what should we do? model bad or good behavior
|
model good...emphasize the norms of goodness to promote prosocial modeling.
|
|
|
Who has greater effect prosocial or antisocial models
|
Prosocial models.
|
|
|
In Sherif's camping experiments, what were the two groups names
|
Rattlers vs. Eagles.
|
|
|
What happened in the conflict of the rattlers vs. the eagles over a tournament of competitive activities
|
Like Lord of the Flies... calling each other names, garbage wars, even fist fights...and referred to other group with sneaky, smart alecks, but own group as brave and tough
|
|
|
What showed in Sherif's experiment with the two boy groups
|
That situation can trigger evil behavior, and that group polarization exacerbated the conflict.
|
|
|
508 What unified the Eagles and Rattlers
|
After they worked cooperatively to achieve superordinate goals, hostility dropped.
|
|
|
What are superordinate goals:
|
shared goar that necessitates cooperative effor...and overrides people's differences from one another.
|
|
|
What did Moulton and Blake find when they restimulated the experiment of the rattlers and eagles with adults?
|
IT paralleled the rattlers and eagles reachtions.
|
|
|
What is the jigsaw technique?
|
Researchers assigned children to racially and academically diverse six-member groups. Each was divided in six parts, each being an expert in that one part. Each member became a piece of the jugsaw. It was cooperative learning...students learned the material and improved intergroup relations. Greater self esteem, and greater liking for school.
|
|
|
What is the difference with prejudice, discrimination, and sterotype
|
prejudiece is a preconceived notion....affective
Discrimination is behavioral...what we do Sterotype is what we think of a personal attribute and attribute it to a group |
|
|
what is outgroup homogeneity bias
|
Greater similarity outgroup than in our group, so we make stereoptyples for those out of our group
|
|
|
in the class example of modern stereotype, where racism emerge in ways that can be disguised, what was the finding with the selling of a car/
|
White male got lowest price, then white female, then black make, then black female.
|
|
|
What is the realistic conflict theory in explaining why we don't like other groups
|
resources are limited so we don't want them threatening our resources.
|
|
|
According to Gordon Allport, what are the 4 bsic criteria needed for to resolve prejudice?
|
1. Groups need to be of equal status
2. They require interactions between group members 3. They need to engage in cooperative activities together 4. Authority needs to support and endorse (supportive social norm) |
|
|
what are ways aggression can be expressed
|
1. Physical
2. Verbal 3. Relational 4. direct 5. Indirect 6. displaced 7. active 8: passive |
|
|
What is the cognitive new-association theory
|
Unpleasant events automatically produce fight/flight response...
|
|
|
In Naisbitt's study of southern culture what was found
|
SOuthern pride, and southerners don't take insults with out retaliating.
Insult made them more aggressive and less likely to back down. ** there exists cultural influences on aggression |
|
|
In Naisbitt study of southern men, what was seen in southern men and violence
|
75% southerns reacted with violence
Southerners increased 79% level of cortisol, stress hormone, and increase to 12% in testosterone. Northerners stayed the same |
|
|
In Naisbitt study of southern men, how close did thye get....
|
Control: 3m
Southern angered gents: less than 3 ft |
|
|
What do we remember more, past social or past phsycial pain
|
past social.
|
|
|
what is the bart simpson effect
|
those who are homely seem to be less able than those who are attractive
|
|
|
In the study of police cadets, what predicted friendshups?
|
WHere they sat in the classroom
|
|
|
What was the finding with ovulating and menstrating women
|
Ovulating got higher tip and also sketched more revealing clothes.
Menstrating got lower tip |
|
|
what is so bad about pornography
|
women made less attractive for attraction is relative.
|
|
|
What is the attraction balance theory
|
We like things to be positive, so in a triangle, want sides of the triangle to be positive.
|
|
|
In Ellertson's study of the balance theory, when the researcher gave a positive or negative remark, what was found
|
How many calls participants made was related to liking of confederate, or not liking of confederate, and professor's attitude to the confederate.
|
|
|
From attraction to go to intimacy, what are the stages in stage theory ?
|
1. Stimulus stage:
attraction and external things 2. Value stage: attachment and feeling there is similarities and beliefs 3. Role stage: commitment, based on fulfillment of roles *exceptions are LDs marriages, and arranged marriages. |
|
|
What is the social penetration theory of liking into intimacy
|
Like an onion...the more depth you go, you get to the core of who you are...more self-disclosure, more intimacy you feel.
|
|
|
Quantitative approach to liking
|
There is no change, but rather an increase.
|
|
|
Qualitative approach to liking to intimacy
|
There is a point where there is a change from attraction to initmacy...where something has changed, and there is a distinct shift.
|
|
|
What is commitment
|
A decision
|
|
|
What is intimacy
|
Emotional, subjective closeness
|
|
|
If you have only commitment, but no passion or intimacy,
|
empty love...stay in it for the kids.
|
|
|
No passion, commitment, or intimacy
|
non-love
|
|
|
Intimacy but no passion or commitment
|
Liking
|
|
|
what is passion but no intimacy no commitment
|
infatuation
|
|
|
what love is like BYU marriages, and not built on strong foundations
|
fatuous love
|
|
|
what love is erectile dysfunction
|
companionate love.
|
|
|
Which researcher believe in true altruism
|
Batson
|
|
|
What is the estimate of US volunteers
|
62.8 million, 8.1 billion hours. ; #1 state for volunteering is utah, with 44%; but midwest has most volunteers
|
|
|
what is the norm of justice
|
help those who MERIT our assistance...deserving
|
|
|
In the Responsibility GRID, what is when we feel that the victim is responsible for the problem and solution
|
MORAL model
|
|
|
In the Responsibility GRID, what is when we feel that the victim is responsible for the problem but other for the solution
|
Enlightenment model...need guidance and discipline...like alcoholics
|
|
|
In the Responsibility GRID, what is when we feel that the victim is responsible for the solution, but not the problem
|
Compensatory model: get the resources, and help yourself even though you didn't get yourself in the rut
|
|
|
In the Responsibility GRID, what is when we feel that the victim is not responsible for the solution, and not the problem
|
Medical model: like when you get cancer.
|
|
|
what is the importance of the responsibility grid
|
How we help is due to the attribution of how we say who is responsible. misapplication of the model helps us NOT to be helpful. ...this all reflects NORM OF JUSTICE.
|
|
|
What are the three constructs of selflessness
|
1. ultimate goal: end in it of itself
2. Instrumental goal: goals that are means to an end..if i do do i'll get an eagle scout 3. unintended consequence: BATSON says that true altruist have no unintended consequence. |
|
|
What is Batson's empathy-altrusim hypothesis in helping
|
When we perceive needs, there are two options
1. adopt other's perspective--?emotional response of empthy,--> altruism 2. adopt NOT the other's perspective--> have personal distress--> egoism |
|
|
According to Cialdini, what was his counterargument to Batson's altruism theory
|
That oneness, not altruism, predicted in helping...if that individual saw themselves in the person's shoes.
|
|
|
self reliant individuals and asking for help?
|
those who are self-reliant are less likely to ask for help.
|
|
|
what are the necessary steps for one to help
|
1. notice the emergency (less ambiguous, less notice
2. Person must interpret the situation...people tend to look at others to perceive or interpret the situation. 3. Need to take responsibility. 4. Decide how to help 5. HELP |
|
|
What is pluralistic ignorance
|
Group as a whole don't believe there is an emergency due to the calmness of others
|
|
|
Women and men in helping; gender differencew
|
Women more likely to help with non-emergencies
men more likely to help with direct ohysical aide. |
|
|
Why help may not happen
|
1.audience inhibition: afraid of what others thing
do it wrong.. 2. confusion of responsibility don't want to make it seem like I caused the problem. |
